http://adciv.org/wiki/index.php?title=Open_Source_Medicine/Open_Medical_AI&feed=atom&action=historyOpen Source Medicine/Open Medical AI - Revision history2024-03-29T15:31:15ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.25.2http://adciv.org/wiki/index.php?title=Open_Source_Medicine/Open_Medical_AI&diff=9114&oldid=prevBalatro: Redirecting to Open Source Medicine2011-06-17T17:20:31Z<p>Redirecting to <a href="/Open_Source_Medicine" title="Open Source Medicine">Open Source Medicine</a></p>
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<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 17:20, 17 June 2011</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Medicine is fast becoming an information science for at least three reasons: firstly, the number of research papers is growing rapidly. Our scientific understanding of disease has grown explosively in the past decade, but there has been no change in the rate of adoption of this data. This is a problem. Secondly, it now costs only a few thousand dollars to sequence a genome, whereas the Human Genome Project in the nineties took $300 million. By about 2013, the cost of genome sequencing will make it accessible to everyone, creating a lot more clinically-relevant data. Thirdly, scanning devices are doubling in resolution every year while becoming smarter and smaller. (You can now read and diagnose an ECG using an iPhone!) We are moving into the area of information-rich, scanning-intensive medicine. Sensors are now small, mobile and wireless, so they can be worn throughout the day and the data compiled.</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">#REDIRECT </ins>[[Open <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Source Medicine</ins>]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">http://www.openclinical.org Open Clinical] have stated the situation bluntly {{em}} <blockquote>''It is now humanly impossible for unaided healthcare professionals to possess all the knowledge needed to deliver medical care with the efficacy and safety made possible by current scientific knowledge. This can only get worse in the post-genomic era. A potential solution to the knowledge crisis is the adoption of rigorous methods and technologies for knowledge management.'' <sup></del>[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">http://www.openclinical.org/whitepaper.html]</sup></blockquote></del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Our medical workforce is overworked and completely overwhelmed, as five minutes conversation with any doctor will suffice to verify. Doctors often work 36 hour shifts, there are not enough beds to hold patients, annual insurance premiums for doctors are in the tens of thousands. This describes the situation in a developed country, the sort that has one doctor per 300 people; the situation in a country like Malawi, which has one doctor per 50,000 people <sup>[http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/hea_phy_per_1000_peo-physicians-per-1-000-people]</sup>, is worse beyond description.  </del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=== An open-source Clinical Decision Support System ===</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">So what is the alternative? Imagine for a moment that every time a patient walks into a clinic, modern information technologies whirr into action and pull from a distributed global network the patient's medical record, family history and perhaps even genetic code. (This is all securely stored, of course, and cannot be accessed without the patient's consent.) The patient describes his symptoms to the doctor, who inputs them into a handheld computer. The computer processes the symptoms and cross-references them with a database of known diseases. It compares this patient with all similarly-presenting cases – no matter where in the world those other cases happened. It uses all this information to create a list of possible diagnoses, then uses optimized [[artificial intelligence]] algorithms to calculate the likelihood of each one, based on the patient's history, race, age, sex and so forth. The doctor's computer displays the list of possible conditions and possible courses of action, including treatments or further testing. If a scan is done, say an X-ray, the computer can identify patterns in it and use this to inform its diagnosis. Such a system never overlooks a piece of data such as a drug interaction or allergy, and intelligently updates itself based on the entirety of mankind's medical knowledge.</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The technology to do this exists now. All that is required is a large database of medical data, standardized electronic medical records (EMRs) and {{em}} to analyze all this data {{em}} an [[artificial intelligence]] program known as a Clinical Decision Support System (CDSS). Such a system would also be of immense benefit to people in places with no medical professionals, or for low-level treatments that did not require a visit to a hospital. </del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">But can modern artificial intelligence really diagnose disease as effectively as human doctors? The surprising answer is that even mid-1970s artificial intelligence could. In the 1970s, a CDSS called MYCIN proved itself able to perform medical diagnosis as well as, or better than, human doctors. Several things have changed since then. Firstly, the raw computing power available has increased by a factor of well over a billion. Secondly, programmers are able to make smarter AI which is better able to recognize patterns and learn from experience. AI can now autonomously make diagnoses from an ECG, for example <sup>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_ECG_interpretation]</sup>. Thirdly, we have much more medical data. This data cannot possibly be remembered and analyzed by a human doctor, but can be accessed by a computer. Fourth, the amount of data we can pull out of a human body with various scanning modalities has increased a billionfold. Fifth, the [[Internet]] raises the possibility of clinical data being shared on a massive, global scale, allowing for extremely quick learning and limitlessly broad education for the AI.</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">So why hasn't such a system come into place? Of 70 commercial attempts to bring CDSS into hospitals, none have really caught on, because the task of generating a database of medical knowledge large enough to be really useful is outside the capacity of any one company <sup>[http://www.phoenix.tc-ieee.org/016_Clinical_Care_Support_System/Open_CIG_9_19_sanitized.ppt]</sup>. Any database of clinical information becomes drastically limited as soon as it is made private. The '''only''' way to create such a system is as [[free and open-source software]] {{em}} allow anyone to contribute to the database, get college students, government departments and data entry companies to pile the results of medical research into the database, get software programmers to improve the [[AI]], get clinicians to put the system into practise and record clinical outcomes, and you soon have a database approaching the ideal described above. It is achievable within a few years, but only with global open collaboration. If Wikipedians could do it for fun, then surely the world's medical forces can do it to save lives and unburden themselves.</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[http://www.egadss.org/ EgaDSS] is just such an open-source CDSS and (unlike commercial CDSS) it integrates with electronic medical records.</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Another problem holding back the adoption of medical AI is that many have had difficult interfaces <sup>[http://www.openclinical.org/aiinmedicine.html]</sup>. This is exactly the sort of end-user problem that [[free and open-source software]] is good at remedying.</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Another promising development is the use of [[Decentralization|distributed]] cloud computing to store and process medical data. This allows a patient's medical history to be accessed from any hospital in the world. This is only possible with [[free and open-source software]]; if different doctors are using different private systems, their records will be incompatible, but if they are all collaborating, their records can inform one another.</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">==== See also ====</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">* http://www.phoenix.tc-ieee.org/016_Clinical_Care_Support_System/Open_CIG_9_19_sanitized.ppt - A slideshow showing the need for open-source CDSS AI systems</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">* [http://www.openclinical.org/aiinmedicine.html AI in medicine] page at </del>Open <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Clinical</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">* [http://egadss.sourceforge.net/Think_Presentation.pdf Presentation of EgaDSS] making a very convincing case for the need for open-source CDSS</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=== Distributed wireless sensors and data-rich medicine ===</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">As sensor technologies {{em}} electrocardiograms, electroencephalograms, blood glucose meters etc. {{em}} get smaller and smaller, we can take them out of the clinics and hospitals, and into people's pockets. We are entering a data-rich era of mobile, [[Decentralization|distributed</del>]] <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">monitoring of health and lifestyle. This promises more accurate diagnosis and earlier detection of cancer and degenerative diseases.</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Diabetes is a low-hanging fruit for this approach. Continuous blood glucose monitoring can measure blood glucose every five minutes throughout the day. This data can be logged into a computer, providing early warning of abnormalities and letting the patient know how different foods affect their blood glucose.</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Lifestyle data as well as medical data can be tracked in this way to apply this information-technology to preventing disease as well.</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></div></td></tr>
</table>Balatrohttp://adciv.org/wiki/index.php?title=Open_Source_Medicine/Open_Medical_AI&diff=8759&oldid=prevBalatro: Open Source Medicine/Advanced automation and artificial Intelligence in medicine moved to Open Source Medicine/Open Medical AI2010-10-30T13:23:12Z<p><a href="/Open_Source_Medicine/Advanced_automation_and_artificial_Intelligence_in_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Source Medicine/Advanced automation and artificial Intelligence in medicine">Open Source Medicine/Advanced automation and artificial Intelligence in medicine</a> moved to <a href="/Open_Source_Medicine/Open_Medical_AI" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Source Medicine/Open Medical AI">Open Source Medicine/Open Medical AI</a></p>
<table class='diff diff-contentalign-left'>
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<td colspan='1' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan='1' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 13:23, 30 October 2010</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan='2' style='text-align: center;'><div class="mw-diff-empty">(No difference)</div>
</td></tr></table>Balatrohttp://adciv.org/wiki/index.php?title=Open_Source_Medicine/Open_Medical_AI&diff=8529&oldid=prevCharlesC at 22:03, 26 July 20102010-07-26T22:03:59Z<p></p>
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<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 22:03, 26 July 2010</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="L21" >Line 21:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Another promising development is the use of [[Decentralization|distributed]] cloud computing to store and process medical data. This allows a patient's medical history to be accessed from any hospital in the world. This is only possible with [[free and open-source software]]; if different doctors are using different private systems, their records will be incompatible, but if they are all collaborating, their records can inform one another.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Another promising development is the use of [[Decentralization|distributed]] cloud computing to store and process medical data. This allows a patient's medical history to be accessed from any hospital in the world. This is only possible with [[free and open-source software]]; if different doctors are using different private systems, their records will be incompatible, but if they are all collaborating, their records can inform one another.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===See also===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=</ins>=== See also ===<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* http://www.phoenix.tc-ieee.org/016_Clinical_Care_Support_System/Open_CIG_9_19_sanitized.ppt - A slideshow showing the need for open-source CDSS AI systems</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* http://www.phoenix.tc-ieee.org/016_Clinical_Care_Support_System/Open_CIG_9_19_sanitized.ppt - A slideshow showing the need for open-source CDSS AI systems</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [http://www.openclinical.org/aiinmedicine.html AI in medicine] page at Open Clinical</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [http://www.openclinical.org/aiinmedicine.html AI in medicine] page at Open Clinical</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [http://egadss.sourceforge.net/Think_Presentation.pdf Presentation of EgaDSS] making a very convincing case for the need for open-source CDSS</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [http://egadss.sourceforge.net/Think_Presentation.pdf Presentation of EgaDSS] making a very convincing case for the need for open-source CDSS</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Distributed wireless sensors and data-rich medicine==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=</ins>== Distributed wireless sensors and data-rich medicine ==<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As sensor technologies {{em}} electrocardiograms, electroencephalograms, blood glucose meters etc. {{em}} get smaller and smaller, we can take them out of the clinics and hospitals, and into people's pockets. We are entering a data-rich era of mobile, [[Decentralization|distributed]] monitoring of health and lifestyle. This promises more accurate diagnosis and earlier detection of cancer and degenerative diseases.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As sensor technologies {{em}} electrocardiograms, electroencephalograms, blood glucose meters etc. {{em}} get smaller and smaller, we can take them out of the clinics and hospitals, and into people's pockets. We are entering a data-rich era of mobile, [[Decentralization|distributed]] monitoring of health and lifestyle. This promises more accurate diagnosis and earlier detection of cancer and degenerative diseases.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
</table>CharlesChttp://adciv.org/wiki/index.php?title=Open_Source_Medicine/Open_Medical_AI&diff=8528&oldid=prevCharlesC at 22:03, 26 July 20102010-07-26T22:03:18Z<p></p>
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</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="L5" >Line 5:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Our medical workforce is overworked and completely overwhelmed, as five minutes conversation with any doctor will suffice to verify. Doctors often work 36 hour shifts, there are not enough beds to hold patients, annual insurance premiums for doctors are in the tens of thousands. This describes the situation in a developed country, the sort that has one doctor per 300 people; the situation in a country like Malawi, which has one doctor per 50,000 people <sup>[http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/hea_phy_per_1000_peo-physicians-per-1-000-people]</sup>, is worse beyond description.   </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Our medical workforce is overworked and completely overwhelmed, as five minutes conversation with any doctor will suffice to verify. Doctors often work 36 hour shifts, there are not enough beds to hold patients, annual insurance premiums for doctors are in the tens of thousands. This describes the situation in a developed country, the sort that has one doctor per 300 people; the situation in a country like Malawi, which has one doctor per 50,000 people <sup>[http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/hea_phy_per_1000_peo-physicians-per-1-000-people]</sup>, is worse beyond description.   </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==An open-source Clinical Decision Support System==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=</ins>== An open-source Clinical Decision Support System ==<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>So what is the alternative? Imagine for a moment that every time a patient walks into a clinic, modern information technologies whirr into action and pull from a distributed global network the patient's medical record, family history and perhaps even genetic code. (This is all securely stored, of course, and cannot be accessed without the patient's consent.) The patient describes his symptoms to the doctor, who inputs them into a handheld computer. The computer processes the symptoms and cross-references them with a database of known diseases. It compares this patient with all similarly-presenting cases – no matter where in the world those other cases happened. It uses all this information to create a list of possible diagnoses, then uses optimized [[artificial intelligence]] algorithms to calculate the likelihood of each one, based on the patient's history, race, age, sex and so forth. The doctor's computer displays the list of possible conditions and possible courses of action, including treatments or further testing. If a scan is done, say an X-ray, the computer can identify patterns in it and use this to inform its diagnosis. Such a system never overlooks a piece of data such as a drug interaction or allergy, and intelligently updates itself based on the entirety of mankind's medical knowledge.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>So what is the alternative? Imagine for a moment that every time a patient walks into a clinic, modern information technologies whirr into action and pull from a distributed global network the patient's medical record, family history and perhaps even genetic code. (This is all securely stored, of course, and cannot be accessed without the patient's consent.) The patient describes his symptoms to the doctor, who inputs them into a handheld computer. The computer processes the symptoms and cross-references them with a database of known diseases. It compares this patient with all similarly-presenting cases – no matter where in the world those other cases happened. It uses all this information to create a list of possible diagnoses, then uses optimized [[artificial intelligence]] algorithms to calculate the likelihood of each one, based on the patient's history, race, age, sex and so forth. The doctor's computer displays the list of possible conditions and possible courses of action, including treatments or further testing. If a scan is done, say an X-ray, the computer can identify patterns in it and use this to inform its diagnosis. Such a system never overlooks a piece of data such as a drug interaction or allergy, and intelligently updates itself based on the entirety of mankind's medical knowledge.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
</table>CharlesChttp://adciv.org/wiki/index.php?title=Open_Source_Medicine/Open_Medical_AI&diff=8222&oldid=prevBalatro at 17:09, 4 July 20102010-07-04T17:09:31Z<p></p>
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<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 17:09, 4 July 2010</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* http://www.phoenix.tc-ieee.org/016_Clinical_Care_Support_System/Open_CIG_9_19_sanitized.ppt - A slideshow showing the need for open-source CDSS AI systems</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* http://www.phoenix.tc-ieee.org/016_Clinical_Care_Support_System/Open_CIG_9_19_sanitized.ppt - A slideshow showing the need for open-source CDSS AI systems</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [http://www.openclinical.org/aiinmedicine.html AI in medicine] page at Open Clinical</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [http://www.openclinical.org/aiinmedicine.html AI in medicine] page at Open Clinical</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* [http://egadss.sourceforge.net/Think_Presentation.pdf Presentation of EgaDSS] making a very convincing case for the need for open-source CDSS</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Distributed wireless sensors and data-rich medicine==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Distributed wireless sensors and data-rich medicine==</div></td></tr>
</table>Balatrohttp://adciv.org/wiki/index.php?title=Open_Source_Medicine/Open_Medical_AI&diff=8177&oldid=prevBalatro at 21:25, 30 June 20102010-06-30T21:25:41Z<p></p>
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</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="L1" >Line 1:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Medicine is fast becoming an information science for at least three reasons: firstly, the number of research papers is growing rapidly. Our scientific understanding of disease has grown explosively in the past decade, but there has been no change in the rate of adoption of this data. This is a problem. Secondly, it now costs only a few thousand dollars to sequence a genome, whereas the Human Genome Project in the nineties took $300 million. By about 2013, the cost of genome sequencing will make it accessible to everyone, creating a lot more clinically-relevant data. Thirdly, scanning devices are doubling in resolution every year while becoming smarter and smaller. (You can now read and diagnose an <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">EKG </del>using an iPhone!) We are moving into the area of information-rich, scanning-intensive medicine.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Medicine is fast becoming an information science for at least three reasons: firstly, the number of research papers is growing rapidly. Our scientific understanding of disease has grown explosively in the past decade, but there has been no change in the rate of adoption of this data. This is a problem. Secondly, it now costs only a few thousand dollars to sequence a genome, whereas the Human Genome Project in the nineties took $300 million. By about 2013, the cost of genome sequencing will make it accessible to everyone, creating a lot more clinically-relevant data. Thirdly, scanning devices are doubling in resolution every year while becoming smarter and smaller. (You can now read and diagnose an <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ECG </ins>using an iPhone!) We are moving into the area of information-rich, scanning-intensive medicine<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. Sensors are now small, mobile and wireless, so they can be worn throughout the day and the data compiled</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.openclinical.org Open Clinical] have stated the situation bluntly {{em}} <blockquote>''It is now humanly impossible for unaided healthcare professionals to possess all the knowledge needed to deliver medical care with the efficacy and safety made possible by current scientific knowledge. This can only get worse in the post-genomic era. A potential solution to the knowledge crisis is the adoption of rigorous methods and technologies for knowledge management.'' <sup>[http://www.openclinical.org/whitepaper.html]</sup></blockquote></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.openclinical.org Open Clinical] have stated the situation bluntly {{em}} <blockquote>''It is now humanly impossible for unaided healthcare professionals to possess all the knowledge needed to deliver medical care with the efficacy and safety made possible by current scientific knowledge. This can only get worse in the post-genomic era. A potential solution to the knowledge crisis is the adoption of rigorous methods and technologies for knowledge management.'' <sup>[http://www.openclinical.org/whitepaper.html]</sup></blockquote></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="L5" >Line 5:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 5:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Our medical workforce is overworked and completely overwhelmed, as five minutes conversation with any doctor will suffice to verify. Doctors often work 36 hour shifts, there are not enough beds to hold patients, annual insurance premiums for doctors are in the tens of thousands. This describes the situation in a developed country, the sort that has one doctor per 300 people; the situation in a country like Malawi, which has one doctor per 50,000 people <sup>[http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/hea_phy_per_1000_peo-physicians-per-1-000-people]</sup>, is worse beyond description.   </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Our medical workforce is overworked and completely overwhelmed, as five minutes conversation with any doctor will suffice to verify. Doctors often work 36 hour shifts, there are not enough beds to hold patients, annual insurance premiums for doctors are in the tens of thousands. This describes the situation in a developed country, the sort that has one doctor per 300 people; the situation in a country like Malawi, which has one doctor per 50,000 people <sup>[http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/hea_phy_per_1000_peo-physicians-per-1-000-people]</sup>, is worse beyond description.   </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==An open-source Clinical Decision Support System==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>So what is the alternative? Imagine for a moment that every time a patient walks into a clinic, modern information technologies whirr into action and pull from a distributed global network the patient's medical record, family history and perhaps even genetic code. (This is all securely stored, of course, and cannot be accessed without the patient's consent.) The patient describes his symptoms to the doctor, who inputs them into a handheld computer. The computer processes the symptoms and cross-references them with a database of known diseases. It compares this patient with all similarly-presenting cases – no matter where in the world those other cases happened. It uses all this information to create a list of possible diagnoses, then uses optimized [[artificial intelligence]] algorithms to calculate the likelihood of each one, based on the patient's history, race, age, sex and so forth. The doctor's computer displays the list of possible conditions and possible courses of action, including treatments or further testing. If a scan is done, say an X-ray, the computer can identify patterns in it and use this to inform its diagnosis. Such a system never overlooks a piece of data such as a drug interaction or allergy, and intelligently updates itself based on the entirety of mankind's medical knowledge.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>So what is the alternative? Imagine for a moment that every time a patient walks into a clinic, modern information technologies whirr into action and pull from a distributed global network the patient's medical record, family history and perhaps even genetic code. (This is all securely stored, of course, and cannot be accessed without the patient's consent.) The patient describes his symptoms to the doctor, who inputs them into a handheld computer. The computer processes the symptoms and cross-references them with a database of known diseases. It compares this patient with all similarly-presenting cases – no matter where in the world those other cases happened. It uses all this information to create a list of possible diagnoses, then uses optimized [[artificial intelligence]] algorithms to calculate the likelihood of each one, based on the patient's history, race, age, sex and so forth. The doctor's computer displays the list of possible conditions and possible courses of action, including treatments or further testing. If a scan is done, say an X-ray, the computer can identify patterns in it and use this to inform its diagnosis. Such a system never overlooks a piece of data such as a drug interaction or allergy, and intelligently updates itself based on the entirety of mankind's medical knowledge.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The technology to do this exists now. All that is required is a large database of medical data, standardized electronic medical records (EMRs) and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">– </del>to analyze all this data <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">- </del>an [[artificial intelligence]] program known as a Clinical Decision Support System (CDSS). Such a system would also be of immense benefit to people in places with no medical professionals, or for low-level treatments that did not require a visit to a hospital.  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The technology to do this exists now. All that is required is a large database of medical data, standardized electronic medical records (EMRs) and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{em}} </ins>to analyze all this data <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{em}} </ins>an [[artificial intelligence]] program known as a Clinical Decision Support System (CDSS). Such a system would also be of immense benefit to people in places with no medical professionals, or for low-level treatments that did not require a visit to a hospital.  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>But can modern artificial intelligence really diagnose disease as effectively as human doctors? The surprising answer is that even mid-1970s artificial intelligence could. In the 1970s, a CDSS called MYCIN proved itself able to perform medical diagnosis as well as, or better than, human doctors. Several things have changed since then. Firstly, the raw computing power available has increased by a factor of well over a billion. Secondly, programmers are able to make smarter AI which is better able to recognize patterns and learn from experience. AI can now autonomously make diagnoses from an ECG, for example <sup>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_ECG_interpretation]</sup>. Thirdly, we have much more medical data. This data cannot possibly be remembered and analyzed by a human doctor, but can be accessed by a computer. Fourth, the amount of data we can pull out of a human body with various scanning modalities has increased a billionfold. Fifth, the [[Internet]] raises the possibility of clinical data being shared on a massive, global scale, allowing for extremely quick learning and limitlessly broad education for the AI.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>But can modern artificial intelligence really diagnose disease as effectively as human doctors? The surprising answer is that even mid-1970s artificial intelligence could. In the 1970s, a CDSS called MYCIN proved itself able to perform medical diagnosis as well as, or better than, human doctors. Several things have changed since then. Firstly, the raw computing power available has increased by a factor of well over a billion. Secondly, programmers are able to make smarter AI which is better able to recognize patterns and learn from experience. AI can now autonomously make diagnoses from an ECG, for example <sup>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_ECG_interpretation]</sup>. Thirdly, we have much more medical data. This data cannot possibly be remembered and analyzed by a human doctor, but can be accessed by a computer. Fourth, the amount of data we can pull out of a human body with various scanning modalities has increased a billionfold. Fifth, the [[Internet]] raises the possibility of clinical data being shared on a massive, global scale, allowing for extremely quick learning and limitlessly broad education for the AI.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="L17" >Line 17:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 18:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Another problem holding back the adoption of medical AI is that many have had difficult interfaces <sup>[http://www.openclinical.org/aiinmedicine.html]</sup>. This is exactly the sort of end-user problem that [[free and open-source software]] is good at remedying.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Another problem holding back the adoption of medical AI is that many have had difficult interfaces <sup>[http://www.openclinical.org/aiinmedicine.html]</sup>. This is exactly the sort of end-user problem that [[free and open-source software]] is good at remedying.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Another promising development is the use of distributed computing to store and process medical data. This allows a patient's medical history to be accessed from any hospital in the world. This is only possible with [[free and open-source software]]; if different doctors are using different private systems, their records will be incompatible, but if they are all collaborating, their records can inform one another.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Another promising development is the use of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Decentralization|</ins>distributed<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] cloud </ins>computing to store and process medical data. This allows a patient's medical history to be accessed from any hospital in the world. This is only possible with [[free and open-source software]]; if different doctors are using different private systems, their records will be incompatible, but if they are all collaborating, their records can inform one another.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==See also==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=</ins>==See also<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=</ins>==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* http://www.phoenix.tc-ieee.org/016_Clinical_Care_Support_System/Open_CIG_9_19_sanitized.ppt - A slideshow showing the need for open-source CDSS AI systems</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* http://www.phoenix.tc-ieee.org/016_Clinical_Care_Support_System/Open_CIG_9_19_sanitized.ppt - A slideshow showing the need for open-source CDSS AI systems</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [http://www.openclinical.org/aiinmedicine.html AI in medicine] page at Open Clinical</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [http://www.openclinical.org/aiinmedicine.html AI in medicine] page at Open Clinical</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==Distributed wireless sensors and data-rich medicine==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">As sensor technologies {{em}} electrocardiograms, electroencephalograms, blood glucose meters etc. {{em}} get smaller and smaller, we can take them out of the clinics and hospitals, and into people's pockets. We are entering a data-rich era of mobile, [[Decentralization|distributed]] monitoring of health and lifestyle. This promises more accurate diagnosis and earlier detection of cancer and degenerative diseases.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Diabetes is a low-hanging fruit for this approach. Continuous blood glucose monitoring can measure blood glucose every five minutes throughout the day. This data can be logged into a computer, providing early warning of abnormalities and letting the patient know how different foods affect their blood glucose.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Lifestyle data as well as medical data can be tracked in this way to apply this information-technology to preventing disease as well.</ins></div></td></tr>
</table>Balatrohttp://adciv.org/wiki/index.php?title=Open_Source_Medicine/Open_Medical_AI&diff=7900&oldid=prevBalatro: Open Source Medicine/Artificial Intelligence in medicine moved to Open Source Medicine/Advanced automation and artificial Intelligence in medicine: Trying to reorganize the medicine page around the general themes of AdCiv2010-05-20T15:54:12Z<p><a href="/Open_Source_Medicine/Artificial_Intelligence_in_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Source Medicine/Artificial Intelligence in medicine">Open Source Medicine/Artificial Intelligence in medicine</a> moved to <a href="/Open_Source_Medicine/Advanced_automation_and_artificial_Intelligence_in_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Source Medicine/Advanced automation and artificial Intelligence in medicine">Open Source Medicine/Advanced automation and artificial Intelligence in medicine</a>: Trying to reorganize the medicine page around the general themes of AdCiv</p>
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</td></tr></table>Balatrohttp://adciv.org/wiki/index.php?title=Open_Source_Medicine/Open_Medical_AI&diff=7898&oldid=prevBalatro at 15:51, 20 May 20102010-05-20T15:51:35Z<p></p>
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</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="L1" >Line 1:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Humanity's medical resources are overworked and completely overwhelmed</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">as five minutes conversation with any doctor will suffice to verify</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Doctors often work 36 hour shifts</del>, there <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">are not enough beds to hold patients, annual insurance premiums for doctors are </del>in the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">tens </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">thousands</del>. This <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">describes the situation in </del>a <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">developed country</del>, the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">sort that has one doctor per </del>300 <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">people; </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">situation in a country like Malawi</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">which has one doctor per 50</del>,<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">000 people <sup>[http://www</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">nationmaster.com/graph/hea_phy_per_1000_peo-physicians</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">per</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1-000-people]</sup>, is worse beyond description</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Medicine is fast becoming an information science for at least three reasons: firstly</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the number of research papers is growing rapidly</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Our scientific understanding of disease has grown explosively in the past decade</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">but </ins>there <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">has been no change </ins>in the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">rate </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">adoption of this data</ins>. This <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">is </ins>a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">problem. Secondly</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">it now costs only a few thousand dollars to sequence a genome, whereas </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Human Genome Project in the nineties took $</ins>300 <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">million. By about 2013, </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cost of genome sequencing will make it accessible to everyone</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">creating a lot more clinically-relevant data. Thirdly</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">scanning devices are doubling in resolution every year while becoming smarter and smaller</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(You can now read and diagnose an EKG using an iPhone!) We are moving into the area of information</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">rich, scanning</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">intensive medicine</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Our </del>scientific <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">understanding of disease has grown explosively </del>in the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">past decade</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">but </del>there <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">has been no change </del>in the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">rate </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">adoption of this data</del>. This <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">is </del>a <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">problem</del>.  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[http://www.openclinical.org Open Clinical] have stated the situation bluntly {{em}} <blockquote>''It is now humanly impossible for unaided healthcare professionals to possess all the knowledge needed to deliver medical care with the efficacy and safety made possible by current </ins>scientific <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">knowledge. This can only get worse </ins>in the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">post-genomic era. A potential solution to the knowledge crisis is the adoption of rigorous methods and technologies for knowledge management.'' <sup>[http://www.openclinical.org/whitepaper.html]</sup></blockquote></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Our medical workforce is overworked and completely overwhelmed, as five minutes conversation with any doctor will suffice to verify. Doctors often work 36 hour shifts</ins>, there <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">are not enough beds to hold patients, annual insurance premiums for doctors are </ins>in the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">tens </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">thousands</ins>. This <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">describes the situation in </ins>a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">developed country, the sort that has one doctor per 300 people; the situation in a country like Malawi, which has one doctor per 50,000 people <sup>[http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/hea_phy_per_1000_peo-physicians-per-1-000-people]</sup>, is worse beyond description</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>So what is the alternative? Imagine for a moment that every time a patient walks into a clinic, modern information technologies whirr into action and pull from a distributed global network the patient's medical record, family history and perhaps even genetic code. (This is all securely stored, of course, and cannot be accessed without the patient's consent.) The patient describes his symptoms to the doctor, who inputs them into a handheld computer. The computer processes the symptoms and cross-references them with a database of known diseases. It compares this patient with all similarly-presenting cases – no matter where in the world those other cases happened. It uses all this information to create a list of possible diagnoses, then uses optimized [[artificial intelligence]] algorithms to calculate the likelihood of each one, based on the patient's history, race, age, sex and so forth. The doctor's computer displays the list of possible conditions and possible courses of action, including treatments or further testing. If a scan is done, say an X-ray, the computer can identify patterns in it and use this to inform its diagnosis. Such a system never overlooks a piece of data such as a drug interaction or allergy, and intelligently updates itself based on the entirety of mankind's medical knowledge.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>So what is the alternative? Imagine for a moment that every time a patient walks into a clinic, modern information technologies whirr into action and pull from a distributed global network the patient's medical record, family history and perhaps even genetic code. (This is all securely stored, of course, and cannot be accessed without the patient's consent.) The patient describes his symptoms to the doctor, who inputs them into a handheld computer. The computer processes the symptoms and cross-references them with a database of known diseases. It compares this patient with all similarly-presenting cases – no matter where in the world those other cases happened. It uses all this information to create a list of possible diagnoses, then uses optimized [[artificial intelligence]] algorithms to calculate the likelihood of each one, based on the patient's history, race, age, sex and so forth. The doctor's computer displays the list of possible conditions and possible courses of action, including treatments or further testing. If a scan is done, say an X-ray, the computer can identify patterns in it and use this to inform its diagnosis. Such a system never overlooks a piece of data such as a drug interaction or allergy, and intelligently updates itself based on the entirety of mankind's medical knowledge.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="L14" >Line 14:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 16:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Another problem holding back the adoption of medical AI is that many have had difficult interfaces <sup>[http://www.openclinical.org/aiinmedicine.html]</sup>. This is exactly the sort of end-user problem that [[free and open-source software]] is good at remedying.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Another problem holding back the adoption of medical AI is that many have had difficult interfaces <sup>[http://www.openclinical.org/aiinmedicine.html]</sup>. This is exactly the sort of end-user problem that [[free and open-source software]] is good at remedying.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Another promising development is the use of distributed computing to store and process medical data. This allows a patient's medical history to be accessed from any hospital in the world. This is only possible with [[free and open-source software]]; if different doctors are using different private systems, their records will be incompatible, but if they are all collaborating, their records can inform one another.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==See also==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==See also==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* http://www.phoenix.tc-ieee.org/016_Clinical_Care_Support_System/Open_CIG_9_19_sanitized.ppt - A slideshow showing the need for open-source CDSS AI systems</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* http://www.phoenix.tc-ieee.org/016_Clinical_Care_Support_System/Open_CIG_9_19_sanitized.ppt - A slideshow showing the need for open-source CDSS AI systems</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [http://www.openclinical.org/aiinmedicine.html AI in medicine]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [http://www.openclinical.org/aiinmedicine.html AI in medicine] <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">page at Open Clinical</ins></div></td></tr>
</table>Balatrohttp://adciv.org/wiki/index.php?title=Open_Source_Medicine/Open_Medical_AI&diff=7869&oldid=prevBalatro at 18:04, 15 May 20102010-05-15T18:04:32Z<p></p>
<table class='diff diff-contentalign-left'>
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<tr style='vertical-align: top;'>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 18:04, 15 May 2010</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="L9" >Line 9:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 9:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>But can modern artificial intelligence really diagnose disease as effectively as human doctors? The surprising answer is that even mid-1970s artificial intelligence could. In the 1970s, a CDSS called MYCIN proved itself able to perform medical diagnosis as well as, or better than, human doctors. Several things have changed since then. Firstly, the raw computing power available has increased by a factor of well over a billion. Secondly, programmers are able to make smarter AI which is better able to recognize patterns and learn from experience. AI can now autonomously make diagnoses from an ECG, for example <sup>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_ECG_interpretation]</sup>. Thirdly, we have much more medical data. This data cannot possibly be remembered and analyzed by a human doctor, but can be accessed by a computer. Fourth, the amount of data we can pull out of a human body with various scanning modalities has increased a billionfold. Fifth, the [[Internet]] raises the possibility of clinical data being shared on a massive, global scale, allowing for extremely quick learning and limitlessly broad education for the AI.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>But can modern artificial intelligence really diagnose disease as effectively as human doctors? The surprising answer is that even mid-1970s artificial intelligence could. In the 1970s, a CDSS called MYCIN proved itself able to perform medical diagnosis as well as, or better than, human doctors. Several things have changed since then. Firstly, the raw computing power available has increased by a factor of well over a billion. Secondly, programmers are able to make smarter AI which is better able to recognize patterns and learn from experience. AI can now autonomously make diagnoses from an ECG, for example <sup>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_ECG_interpretation]</sup>. Thirdly, we have much more medical data. This data cannot possibly be remembered and analyzed by a human doctor, but can be accessed by a computer. Fourth, the amount of data we can pull out of a human body with various scanning modalities has increased a billionfold. Fifth, the [[Internet]] raises the possibility of clinical data being shared on a massive, global scale, allowing for extremely quick learning and limitlessly broad education for the AI.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>So why hasn't such a system come into place? Of 70 commercial attempts to bring CDSS into hospitals, none have really caught on, because the task of generating a database of medical knowledge large enough to be really useful is outside the capacity of any one company <sup>[http://www.phoenix.tc-ieee.org/016_Clinical_Care_Support_System/Open_CIG_9_19_sanitized.ppt]</sup>. Any database of clinical information becomes drastically limited as soon as it is made private. The '''only''' way to create such a system is as [[free and open-source software]] {{em}} allow anyone to contribute to the database, get college students, government departments and data entry companies to pile the results of medical research into the database, get software programmers to improve the [[AI]], get clinicians to put the system into practise and record clinical outcomes, and you soon have a database approaching the ideal described above. It is achievable within a few years, but only with global open collaboration.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>So why hasn't such a system come into place? Of 70 commercial attempts to bring CDSS into hospitals, none have really caught on, because the task of generating a database of medical knowledge large enough to be really useful is outside the capacity of any one company <sup>[http://www.phoenix.tc-ieee.org/016_Clinical_Care_Support_System/Open_CIG_9_19_sanitized.ppt]</sup>. Any database of clinical information becomes drastically limited as soon as it is made private. The '''only''' way to create such a system is as [[free and open-source software]] {{em}} allow anyone to contribute to the database, get college students, government departments and data entry companies to pile the results of medical research into the database, get software programmers to improve the [[AI]], get clinicians to put the system into practise and record clinical outcomes, and you soon have a database approaching the ideal described above. It is achievable within a few years, but only with global open collaboration<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. If Wikipedians could do it for fun, then surely the world's medical forces can do it to save lives and unburden themselves</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.egadss.org/ EgaDSS] is just such an open-source CDSS and (unlike commercial CDSS) it integrates with electronic medical records.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.egadss.org/ EgaDSS] is just such an open-source CDSS and (unlike commercial CDSS) it integrates with electronic medical records.</div></td></tr>
</table>Balatrohttp://adciv.org/wiki/index.php?title=Open_Source_Medicine/Open_Medical_AI&diff=7868&oldid=prevBalatro at 18:02, 15 May 20102010-05-15T18:02:43Z<p></p>
<table class='diff diff-contentalign-left'>
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<tr style='vertical-align: top;'>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 18:02, 15 May 2010</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="L1" >Line 1:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Humanity's medical resources are overworked and completely overwhelmed, as five minutes conversation with any doctor will suffice to verify. Doctors often work 36 hour shifts, there are not enough beds to hold patients, annual insurance premiums for doctors are in the tens of thousands. This describes the situation in a developed country, the sort that has one doctor per 300 people; the situation in a country like Malawi, which has one doctor per 50,000 people <sup>[http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/hea_phy_per_1000_peo-physicians-per-1-000-people]</sup>, is worse beyond description.   </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Humanity's medical resources are overworked and completely overwhelmed, as five minutes conversation with any doctor will suffice to verify. Doctors often work 36 hour shifts, there are not enough beds to hold patients, annual insurance premiums for doctors are in the tens of thousands. This describes the situation in a developed country, the sort that has one doctor per 300 people; the situation in a country like Malawi, which has one doctor per 50,000 people <sup>[http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/hea_phy_per_1000_peo-physicians-per-1-000-people]</sup>, is worse beyond description.   </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The number of medical studies published is growing exponentially and no doctor could be expected to keep up with even a fraction of research. Unbelievably, it takes 10-15 years for a drug to go from development to availability. <sup>[http://www.microsoft.com/casestudies/ServeFileResource.aspx?4000001258]</sup><sup>[http://pinkarmy.org/]</sup> (some authorities say 20 years  <sup>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1395794/]</sup>). </del>Our scientific understanding of disease has grown explosively in the past decade, but there has been no change in the rate of adoption of this data. This is a problem.  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Our scientific understanding of disease has grown explosively in the past decade, but there has been no change in the rate of adoption of this data. This is a problem.  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>So what is the alternative? Imagine for a moment that every time a patient walks into a clinic, modern information technologies whirr into action and pull from a distributed global network the patient's medical record, family history and perhaps even genetic code. (This is all securely stored, of course, and cannot be accessed without the patient's consent.) The patient describes his symptoms to the doctor, who inputs them into a handheld computer. The computer processes the symptoms and cross-references them with a database of known diseases. It compares this patient with all similarly-presenting cases – no matter where in the world those other cases happened. It uses all this information to create a list of possible diagnoses, then uses optimized [[artificial intelligence]] algorithms to calculate the likelihood of each one, based on the patient's history, race, age, sex and so forth. The doctor's computer displays the list of possible conditions and possible courses of action, including treatments or further testing. If a scan is done, say an X-ray, the computer can identify patterns in it and use this to inform its diagnosis. Such a system never overlooks a piece of data such as a drug interaction or allergy, and intelligently updates itself based on the entirety of mankind's medical knowledge.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>So what is the alternative? Imagine for a moment that every time a patient walks into a clinic, modern information technologies whirr into action and pull from a distributed global network the patient's medical record, family history and perhaps even genetic code. (This is all securely stored, of course, and cannot be accessed without the patient's consent.) The patient describes his symptoms to the doctor, who inputs them into a handheld computer. The computer processes the symptoms and cross-references them with a database of known diseases. It compares this patient with all similarly-presenting cases – no matter where in the world those other cases happened. It uses all this information to create a list of possible diagnoses, then uses optimized [[artificial intelligence]] algorithms to calculate the likelihood of each one, based on the patient's history, race, age, sex and so forth. The doctor's computer displays the list of possible conditions and possible courses of action, including treatments or further testing. If a scan is done, say an X-ray, the computer can identify patterns in it and use this to inform its diagnosis. Such a system never overlooks a piece of data such as a drug interaction or allergy, and intelligently updates itself based on the entirety of mankind's medical knowledge.</div></td></tr>
</table>Balatro