http://adciv.org/wiki/index.php?title=Fundamental_resources/Water/Water-efficient_agriculture&feed=atom&action=historyFundamental resources/Water/Water-efficient agriculture - Revision history2024-03-29T10:56:25ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.25.2http://adciv.org/wiki/index.php?title=Fundamental_resources/Water/Water-efficient_agriculture&diff=9727&oldid=prevBalatro at 02:50, 30 June 20132013-06-30T02:50:51Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Building soil===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Building soil===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Sustainable farming practices emphasize building the structure of the soil, not disturbing it with tilling or digging. This builds soil infiltration (the ability of water to enter soil) and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">increases </del>the amount of water a soil can hold.  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Sustainable farming practices emphasize building the structure of the soil, not disturbing it with tilling or digging. This builds soil infiltration (the ability of water to enter soil) and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">water retention (</ins>the amount of water a soil can hold<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, which is mostly determined by the amount of humus in the soil)</ins>.  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Several practises typical of sustainable agriculture have the effect of dramatically increasing soil infiltration and retention capacity, thus dramatically decreasing the need for water to be applied {{em}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Several practises typical of sustainable agriculture have the effect of dramatically increasing soil infiltration and retention capacity, thus dramatically decreasing the need for water to be applied {{em}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*{{wp|No-till_farming|No-till farming}}, which is gaining popularity around the world, increases infiltration and retention capacity while reducing labor and increasing yields.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*{{wp|No-till_farming|No-till farming}}, which is gaining popularity around the world, increases infiltration and retention capacity while reducing labor and increasing yields.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [[Food#Permaculture|Permaculture]] designs generally avoid leaving earth bare. The ground is covered either with cover crops (such as clover and grass), or with mulch such as straw or woodchips. When ground is covered, water does not easily evaporate from it, and the layer of groundcover acts as a sponge, holding extra water after rainfall. This method alone reduces water requirements 25-50%.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [[Food#Permaculture|Permaculture]] designs generally avoid leaving earth bare. The ground is covered either with cover crops (such as clover and grass), or with mulch such as straw or woodchips. When ground is covered, water does not easily evaporate from it, and the layer of groundcover acts as a sponge, holding extra water after rainfall. This method alone reduces water requirements 25-50%.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Compost, the basic fertilizer of sustainable farming, can increase soil infiltration 125%<sup>[http://www.caes.uga.edu/publications/pubDetail.cfm?pk_id=6296]</sup></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Compost, the basic fertilizer of sustainable farming<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, which is essentially manmade humus</ins>, can increase soil infiltration 125%<sup>[http://www.caes.uga.edu/publications/pubDetail.cfm?pk_id=6296]</sup></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[[Food#Permacultural_animal_husbandry|Mob-grazing]] (a method of raising livestock that emulates natural grazing patterns), has been shown to increase infiltration as much as 775%<sup>[http://www.savoryinstitute.com/storage/articles/Good%20Governance%202007%20_1_.pdf]</sup></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[[Food#Permacultural_animal_husbandry|Mob-grazing]] (a method of raising livestock that emulates natural grazing patterns), has been shown to increase infiltration as much as 775%<sup>[http://www.savoryinstitute.com/storage/articles/Good%20Governance%202007%20_1_.pdf]</sup></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Burying charcoal in the soil improves its structure and thus increase water retention capacity. This method is gaining attention recently.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Burying charcoal in the soil improves its structure and thus increase water retention capacity. This method is gaining attention recently.</div></td></tr>
</table>Balatrohttp://adciv.org/wiki/index.php?title=Fundamental_resources/Water/Water-efficient_agriculture&diff=9723&oldid=prevBalatro at 01:56, 24 June 20132013-06-24T01:56:50Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Using trees===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Using trees===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Sustainable agriculture emphasizes polyculture; rather than growing a single crop, many different species grow together and interact with one another. Trees have a role to play in nearly all agroecosystems. Planting trees between crops reduces the need for water in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">several </del>ways {{em}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Sustainable agriculture emphasizes polyculture; rather than growing a single crop, many different species grow together and interact with one another. Trees have a role to play in nearly all agroecosystems. Planting trees between crops reduces the need for water in <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">at least six </ins>ways {{em}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Tree roots secrete humic acid, which creates humus in the soil. This humus has a spongy texture and helps the soil hold more water.  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Tree roots secrete humic acid, which creates humus in the soil. This humus has a spongy texture and helps the soil hold more water.  </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* The shade provided by the trees reduces evaporation by two-thirds <sup>[http://elmu.umm.ac.id/file.php/1/jurnal/A/Agriculture,%20Ecosystems%20and%20Environment/Vol82.Issue1-3.Dec2000/1638.pdf]</sup></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* The shade provided by the trees reduces evaporation by two-thirds <sup>[http://elmu.umm.ac.id/file.php/1/jurnal/A/Agriculture,%20Ecosystems%20and%20Environment/Vol82.Issue1-3.Dec2000/1638.pdf]</sup></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Trees may increase {{wp|Orography#Precipitation|orographic rainfall}} by deflecting cool winds upwards. This would mean that planting forests can actually increase the amount of rainfall an area receives.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Trees may increase {{wp|Orography#Precipitation|orographic rainfall}} by deflecting cool winds upwards. This would mean that planting forests can actually increase the amount of rainfall an area receives.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*Air rising off trees contains ''pseudomonas syringae'' bacteria, which create ice crystals in clouds, leading to rain<sup>[http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/25/science/25snow.html?_r=0]</sup>.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Trees condense moisture from the air and drip it down to the soil below. This is known as occult precipitation. Trees are natural [[Water#Atmospheric water generators|atmospheric water generators]].</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Trees condense moisture from the air and drip it down to the soil below. This is known as occult precipitation. Trees are natural [[Water#Atmospheric water generators|atmospheric water generators]].</div></td></tr>
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</table>Balatrohttp://adciv.org/wiki/index.php?title=Fundamental_resources/Water/Water-efficient_agriculture&diff=9565&oldid=prevBalatro: Got rid of the paragraph on drip irrigation; it's too oversimplified2012-12-15T12:57:57Z<p>Got rid of the paragraph on drip irrigation; it's too oversimplified</p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Swales.jpeg|right|thumb|280px|Swales are a simple and effective rainwater harvesting method that can be used anywhere. They are long depressions in the earth, dug along contour lines, with an earthen wall on the downhill side. Without swales, rainfall runs off the hillside (picture on left). When a series of swales are dug (picture on right), the rainfall cannot run off. It pools in the swales and gradually soaks into the soil. A single rainfall will then keep the soil wet for months or even years.]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Swales.jpeg|right|thumb|280px|Swales are a simple and effective rainwater harvesting method that can be used anywhere. They are long depressions in the earth, dug along contour lines, with an earthen wall on the downhill side. Without swales, rainfall runs off the hillside (picture on left). When a series of swales are dug (picture on right), the rainfall cannot run off. It pools in the swales and gradually soaks into the soil. A single rainfall will then keep the soil wet for months or even years.]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Very simple earthworks can turn arid areas into productive farmland. This is exemplified in Syria and Jordan, where there are productive rainfed farms in areas with as little as 120mm of rainfall per year. The simple structures include stone walls built on contour to stop water draining downhill, hollows dug into the ground to accumulate rainwater, swales, which are a combination of these two methods, and mini-dams to redirect water towards productive areas. A combination of agroforestry and earthworks can make any area productive, as has recently been demonstrated in Burkina Faso, Niger and Kenya.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Very simple earthworks can turn arid areas into productive farmland. This is exemplified in Syria and Jordan, where there are productive rainfed farms in areas with as little as 120mm of rainfall per year. The simple structures include stone walls built on contour to stop water draining downhill, hollows dug into the ground to accumulate rainwater, swales, which are a combination of these two methods, and mini-dams to redirect water towards productive areas. A combination of agroforestry and earthworks can make any area productive, as has recently been demonstrated in Burkina Faso, Niger and Kenya.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">===Better irrigation===</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Currently, the most commonly used method of irrigation is the most inefficient: flood irrigation. 95% of all irrigation worldwide is done by this method<sup>[http://irrigationtoolbox.com/ReferenceDocuments/Extension/Idaho/EXT0779.pdf]</sup>. Drip and sprinkler irrigation can be used instead of flood irrigation. Drip irrigation is about 95% efficient <sup>[http://www.dripirrigation.ca/HowTo_ForMe.asp][http://www.northerngardensupply.ca/]</sup>, compared to about 50% for flood irrigation<sup>[http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/irmethods.html]</sup>. If all the world's flood irrigation systems were replaced with drip irrigation, world water usage would be reduced by 29%. The main barrier to implementing drip irrigation is a lack of proper equipment: but the trend towards [[Decentralization|distributed]] [[Virtual designs into physical objects|digital manufacturing]] will allow anyone to easily fabricate sprinklers, pumps, controllers and supply systems appropriate to their local needs. For example, solar-powered drip irrigation systems have been shown to double income and food supply in arid areas<sup>[http://www.pnas.org/content/107/5/1848]</sup>. If these can be cheaply fabricated on-site, in conjunction with inexpensive earthworks and trees, there is no reason for drought to cause crop failures.</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Alternative food production methods===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Alternative food production methods===</div></td></tr>
</table>Balatrohttp://adciv.org/wiki/index.php?title=Fundamental_resources/Water/Water-efficient_agriculture&diff=9562&oldid=prevBalatro: Fixed link2012-12-09T13:32:27Z<p>Fixed link</p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Alternative food production methods===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Alternative food production methods===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [[Food#Controlled Environment Agriculture <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and Automation</del>|Aeroponics]] uses a tiny fraction of the water of drip irrigation. It is by far the most water-efficient means of growing food yet devised.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [[Food#Controlled Environment Agriculture|Aeroponics]] uses a tiny fraction of the water of drip irrigation. It is by far the most water-efficient means of growing food yet devised.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [[Food#Seawater-irrigated farming|Seawater agriculture]] can grow food in coastal regions, requiring no fresh water at all.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [[Food#Seawater-irrigated farming|Seawater agriculture]] can grow food in coastal regions, requiring no fresh water at all.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [[Food#Aquaponics|Aquaponics]] recycles the same water over and over, so that a given amount of plants can be grown in only 10% of the water a garden would need.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [[Food#Aquaponics|Aquaponics]] recycles the same water over and over, so that a given amount of plants can be grown in only 10% of the water a garden would need.</div></td></tr>
</table>Balatrohttp://adciv.org/wiki/index.php?title=Fundamental_resources/Water/Water-efficient_agriculture&diff=9557&oldid=prevBalatro at 10:17, 2 December 20122012-12-02T10:17:19Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Earthworks===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Earthworks===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Swales.jpeg|right|thumb|280px|Swales are a simple and effective rainwater harvesting method that can be used anywhere. They are long depressions in the earth, dug along contour lines, with an earthen wall on the downhill side. Without swales, rainfall runs off the hillside. When a series of swales are dug, the rainfall cannot run off. It pools in the swales and gradually soaks into the soil. A single rainfall will then keep the soil wet for months or even years.]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Swales.jpeg|right|thumb|280px|Swales are a simple and effective rainwater harvesting method that can be used anywhere. They are long depressions in the earth, dug along contour lines, with an earthen wall on the downhill side. Without swales, rainfall runs off the hillside <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(picture on left)</ins>. When a series of swales are dug <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(picture on right)</ins>, the rainfall cannot run off. It pools in the swales and gradually soaks into the soil. A single rainfall will then keep the soil wet for months or even years.]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Very simple earthworks can turn arid areas into productive farmland. This is exemplified in Syria and Jordan, where there are productive rainfed farms in areas with as little as 120mm of rainfall per year. The simple structures include stone walls built on contour to stop water draining downhill, hollows dug into the ground to accumulate rainwater, swales, which are a combination of these two methods, and mini-dams to redirect water towards productive areas. A combination of agroforestry and earthworks can make any area productive, as has recently been demonstrated in Burkina Faso, Niger and Kenya.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Very simple earthworks can turn arid areas into productive farmland. This is exemplified in Syria and Jordan, where there are productive rainfed farms in areas with as little as 120mm of rainfall per year. The simple structures include stone walls built on contour to stop water draining downhill, hollows dug into the ground to accumulate rainwater, swales, which are a combination of these two methods, and mini-dams to redirect water towards productive areas. A combination of agroforestry and earthworks can make any area productive, as has recently been demonstrated in Burkina Faso, Niger and Kenya.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
</table>Balatrohttp://adciv.org/wiki/index.php?title=Fundamental_resources/Water/Water-efficient_agriculture&diff=9439&oldid=prevBalatro at 23:14, 16 March 20122012-03-16T23:14:54Z<p></p>
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<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 23:14, 16 March 2012</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A combination of these techniques {{em}} applied intelligently and with a sensitivity to local needs and resources {{em}} can enable even rather dry climates to secure their own [[Food|food supply]] without the need to pump in water from elsewhere. Rainfed agriculture currently provides about 60% of the world's food <sup>[http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/CABI_Publications/CA_CABI_Series/Rainfed_Agriculture/Protected/Rainfed_Agriculture_Unlocking_the_Potential.pdf]</sup>. This could be expanded to nearly 100% using the methods mentioned here, while we can also make irrigation at least twice as efficient. This would massively unburden the world's water needs and can be done very cheaply, as most of the methods are very simple, low-tech interventions.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A combination of these techniques {{em}} applied intelligently and with a sensitivity to local needs and resources {{em}} can enable even rather dry climates to secure their own [[Food|food supply]] without the need to pump in water from elsewhere. Rainfed agriculture currently provides about 60% of the world's food <sup>[http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/CABI_Publications/CA_CABI_Series/Rainfed_Agriculture/Protected/Rainfed_Agriculture_Unlocking_the_Potential.pdf]</sup>. This could be expanded to nearly 100% using the methods mentioned here, while we can also make irrigation at least twice as efficient. This would massively unburden the world's water needs and can be done very cheaply, as most of the methods are very simple, low-tech interventions.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The recent tragic famines in Niger, Sudan, Chad and the Horn of Africa have been blamed on droughts, but they have more complex causes than a simple lack of rain. While drought was the immediate cause of the crop failure, the drought would not have done the same damage to an agricultural system that used water more effectively. By building soil and using groundcover, earthworks and trees, we can build agricultural systems that <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">are resistant to </del>drought and put an end to catastrophic crop failures.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The recent tragic famines in Niger, Sudan, Chad and the Horn of Africa have been blamed on droughts, but they have more complex causes than a simple lack of rain. While drought was the immediate cause of the crop failure, the drought would not have done the same damage to an agricultural system that used water more effectively. By building soil and using groundcover, earthworks and trees, we can build agricultural systems that <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">can maintain their productivity through times of </ins>drought and put an end to catastrophic crop failures.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Building soil===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Building soil===</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Several practises typical of sustainable agriculture have the effect of dramatically increasing soil infiltration and retention capacity, thus dramatically decreasing the need for water to be applied {{em}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Several practises typical of sustainable agriculture have the effect of dramatically increasing soil infiltration and retention capacity, thus dramatically decreasing the need for water to be applied {{em}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*{{wp|No-till_farming|No-till farming}}, which is gaining popularity around the world, increases infiltration and retention capacity while reducing labor and increasing yields.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*{{wp|No-till_farming|No-till farming}}, which is gaining popularity around the world, increases infiltration and retention capacity while reducing labor and increasing yields.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [[Food#<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Agroecology</del>|Permaculture]] designs generally avoid leaving earth bare. The ground is covered either with cover crops (such as clover and grass), or with mulch such as straw or woodchips. When ground is covered, water does not easily evaporate from it, and the layer of groundcover acts as a sponge, holding extra water after rainfall. This method alone reduces water requirements 25-50%.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [[Food#<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Permaculture</ins>|Permaculture]] designs generally avoid leaving earth bare. The ground is covered either with cover crops (such as clover and grass), or with mulch such as straw or woodchips. When ground is covered, water does not easily evaporate from it, and the layer of groundcover acts as a sponge, holding extra water after rainfall. This method alone reduces water requirements 25-50%.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Compost, the basic fertilizer of sustainable farming, can increase soil infiltration 125%<sup>[http://www.caes.uga.edu/publications/pubDetail.cfm?pk_id=6296]</sup></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Compost, the basic fertilizer of sustainable farming, can increase soil infiltration 125%<sup>[http://www.caes.uga.edu/publications/pubDetail.cfm?pk_id=6296]</sup></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[[Food#<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Sustainable ranching</del>|Mob-grazing]] (a method of raising livestock that emulates natural grazing patterns), has been shown to increase infiltration as much as 775%<sup>[http://www.savoryinstitute.com/storage/articles/Good%20Governance%202007%20_1_.pdf]</sup></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[[Food#<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Permacultural_animal_husbandry</ins>|Mob-grazing]] (a method of raising livestock that emulates natural grazing patterns), has been shown to increase infiltration as much as 775%<sup>[http://www.savoryinstitute.com/storage/articles/Good%20Governance%202007%20_1_.pdf]</sup></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Burying charcoal in the soil improves its structure and thus increase water retention capacity. This method is gaining attention recently.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Burying charcoal in the soil improves its structure and thus increase water retention capacity. This method is gaining attention recently.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Using trees===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Using trees===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Sustainable agriculture emphasizes polyculture; rather than growing a single crop, many different species grow together and interact with one another. Trees have a role to play in nearly all agroecosystems. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Trees (the practice of planting </del>trees between crops<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">) can significantly </del>reduces the need for water in several ways {{em}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Sustainable agriculture emphasizes polyculture; rather than growing a single crop, many different species grow together and interact with one another. Trees have a role to play in nearly all agroecosystems. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Planting </ins>trees between crops reduces the need for water in several ways {{em}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Tree roots secrete humic acid, which creates humus in the soil. This humus has a spongy texture and helps the soil hold more water.  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Tree roots secrete humic acid, which creates humus in the soil. This humus has a spongy texture and helps the soil hold more water.  </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* The shade provided by the trees reduces evaporation by two-thirds <sup>[http://elmu.umm.ac.id/file.php/1/jurnal/A/Agriculture,%20Ecosystems%20and%20Environment/Vol82.Issue1-3.Dec2000/1638.pdf]</sup></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* The shade provided by the trees reduces evaporation by two-thirds <sup>[http://elmu.umm.ac.id/file.php/1/jurnal/A/Agriculture,%20Ecosystems%20and%20Environment/Vol82.Issue1-3.Dec2000/1638.pdf]</sup></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Trees may increase {{wp|Orography#Precipitation|orographic rainfall}} by deflecting cool winds upwards. This would mean that planting forests can actually increase the amount of rainfall an area receives.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Trees may increase {{wp|Orography#Precipitation|orographic rainfall}} by deflecting cool winds upwards. This would mean that planting forests can actually increase the amount of rainfall an area receives.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Trees condense moisture <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">humidity </del>from the air and drip it down to the soil below. This is known as occult precipitation. Trees are natural [[Water#Atmospheric water generators|atmospheric water generators]].</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Trees condense moisture from the air and drip it down to the soil below. This is known as occult precipitation. Trees are natural [[Water#Atmospheric water generators|atmospheric water generators]].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Earthworks===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Earthworks===</div></td></tr>
</table>Balatrohttp://adciv.org/wiki/index.php?title=Fundamental_resources/Water/Water-efficient_agriculture&diff=9438&oldid=prevBalatro at 23:06, 16 March 20122012-03-16T23:06:19Z<p></p>
<table class='diff diff-contentalign-left'>
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<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 23:06, 16 March 2012</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="L27" >Line 27:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Earthworks===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Earthworks===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Swales.jpeg|right|thumb|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">300px</del>|Swales are a simple and effective rainwater harvesting method that can be used anywhere. They are long depressions in the earth, dug along contour lines, with an earthen wall on the downhill side. Without swales, rainfall runs off the hillside. When a series of swales are dug, the rainfall cannot run off. It pools in the swales and gradually soaks into the soil. A single rainfall will then keep the soil wet for months or even years.]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Swales.jpeg|right|thumb|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">280px</ins>|Swales are a simple and effective rainwater harvesting method that can be used anywhere. They are long depressions in the earth, dug along contour lines, with an earthen wall on the downhill side. Without swales, rainfall runs off the hillside. When a series of swales are dug, the rainfall cannot run off. It pools in the swales and gradually soaks into the soil. A single rainfall will then keep the soil wet for months or even years.]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Very simple earthworks can turn arid areas into productive farmland. This is exemplified in Syria and Jordan, where there are productive rainfed farms in areas with as little as 120mm of rainfall per year. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">These </del>include stone walls built on contour to stop water draining downhill, hollows dug into the ground to accumulate rainwater, swales, which are a combination of these two methods, and mini-dams to redirect <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ware </del>towards productive areas. A combination of agroforestry and earthworks can make any area productive, as has recently been demonstrated in Burkina Faso, Niger and Kenya.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Very simple earthworks can turn arid areas into productive farmland. This is exemplified in Syria and Jordan, where there are productive rainfed farms in areas with as little as 120mm of rainfall per year. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The simple structures </ins>include stone walls built on contour to stop water draining downhill, hollows dug into the ground to accumulate rainwater, swales, which are a combination of these two methods, and mini-dams to redirect <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">water </ins>towards productive areas. A combination of agroforestry and earthworks can make any area productive, as has recently been demonstrated in Burkina Faso, Niger and Kenya.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Better irrigation===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Better irrigation===</div></td></tr>
</table>Balatrohttp://adciv.org/wiki/index.php?title=Fundamental_resources/Water/Water-efficient_agriculture&diff=9262&oldid=prevBalatro at 14:31, 27 August 20112011-08-27T14:31:37Z<p></p>
<table class='diff diff-contentalign-left'>
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<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<tr style='vertical-align: top;'>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 14:31, 27 August 2011</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="L5" >Line 5:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 5:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A combination of these techniques {{em}} applied intelligently and with a sensitivity to local needs and resources {{em}} can enable even rather dry climates to secure their own [[Food|food supply]] without the need to pump in water from elsewhere. Rainfed agriculture currently provides about 60% of the world's food <sup>[http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/CABI_Publications/CA_CABI_Series/Rainfed_Agriculture/Protected/Rainfed_Agriculture_Unlocking_the_Potential.pdf]</sup>. This could be expanded to nearly 100% using the methods mentioned here, while we can also make irrigation at least twice as efficient. This would massively unburden the world's water needs and can be done very cheaply, as most of the methods are very simple, low-tech interventions.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A combination of these techniques {{em}} applied intelligently and with a sensitivity to local needs and resources {{em}} can enable even rather dry climates to secure their own [[Food|food supply]] without the need to pump in water from elsewhere. Rainfed agriculture currently provides about 60% of the world's food <sup>[http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/CABI_Publications/CA_CABI_Series/Rainfed_Agriculture/Protected/Rainfed_Agriculture_Unlocking_the_Potential.pdf]</sup>. This could be expanded to nearly 100% using the methods mentioned here, while we can also make irrigation at least twice as efficient. This would massively unburden the world's water needs and can be done very cheaply, as most of the methods are very simple, low-tech interventions.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The recent tragic famines in Niger, Sudan, Chad and the Horn of Africa have been blamed on droughts, but they have more complex causes than a simple lack of rain. While drought was the immediate cause of the crop failure, the drought would not have done the same damage to an agricultural system that used water more effectively. By building soil <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">infiltration </del>and using groundcover and trees, we can build agricultural systems that are resistant to drought and put an end to catastrophic crop failures.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The recent tragic famines in Niger, Sudan, Chad and the Horn of Africa have been blamed on droughts, but they have more complex causes than a simple lack of rain. While drought was the immediate cause of the crop failure, the drought would not have done the same damage to an agricultural system that used water more effectively. By building soil and using groundcover<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, earthworks </ins>and trees, we can build agricultural systems that are resistant to drought and put an end to catastrophic crop failures.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Building soil===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Building soil===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Soil infiltration is the amount of water soil can hold. The higher the soil infiltration, the less water need be applied. </del>Sustainable farming practices emphasize building the structure of the soil, not disturbing it with tilling or digging. Several practises typical of sustainable agriculture have the effect of dramatically increasing soil infiltration, thus dramatically decreasing the need for water to be applied {{em}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Sustainable farming practices emphasize building the structure of the soil, not disturbing it with tilling or digging. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">This builds soil infiltration (the ability of water to enter soil) and increases the amount of water a soil can hold. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*{{wp|No-till_farming|No-till farming}}, which is gaining popularity around the world, increases infiltration while reducing labor and increasing yields.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Several practises typical of sustainable agriculture have the effect of dramatically increasing soil infiltration <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and retention capacity</ins>, thus dramatically decreasing the need for water to be applied {{em}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*{{wp|No-till_farming|No-till farming}}, which is gaining popularity around the world, increases infiltration <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and retention capacity </ins>while reducing labor and increasing yields.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [[Food#Agroecology|Permaculture]] designs generally avoid leaving earth bare. The ground is covered either with cover crops (such as clover and grass), or with mulch such as straw or woodchips. When ground is covered, water does not easily evaporate from it, and the layer of groundcover acts as a sponge, holding extra water after rainfall. This method alone reduces water requirements 25-50%.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [[Food#Agroecology|Permaculture]] designs generally avoid leaving earth bare. The ground is covered either with cover crops (such as clover and grass), or with mulch such as straw or woodchips. When ground is covered, water does not easily evaporate from it, and the layer of groundcover acts as a sponge, holding extra water after rainfall. This method alone reduces water requirements 25-50%.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Compost, the basic fertilizer of sustainable farming, can increase soil infiltration 125%<sup>[http://www.caes.uga.edu/publications/pubDetail.cfm?pk_id=6296]</sup></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Compost, the basic fertilizer of sustainable farming, can increase soil infiltration 125%<sup>[http://www.caes.uga.edu/publications/pubDetail.cfm?pk_id=6296]</sup></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[[Food#Sustainable ranching|Mob-grazing]] (a method of raising livestock that emulates natural grazing patterns), has been shown to increase infiltration as much as 775%<sup>[http://www.savoryinstitute.com/storage/articles/Good%20Governance%202007%20_1_.pdf]</sup></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[[Food#Sustainable ranching|Mob-grazing]] (a method of raising livestock that emulates natural grazing patterns), has been shown to increase infiltration as much as 775%<sup>[http://www.savoryinstitute.com/storage/articles/Good%20Governance%202007%20_1_.pdf]</sup></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Burying charcoal in the soil improves its structure and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">can </del>increase <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">infiltration</del>. This method is gaining attention recently.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Burying charcoal in the soil improves its structure and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">thus </ins>increase <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">water retention capacity</ins>. This method is gaining attention recently.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Using trees===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Using trees===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Sustainable agriculture emphasizes polyculture; rather than growing a single crop, many different species grow together and interact with one another. Trees have a role to play in nearly all agroecosystems. Trees (the practice of planting trees between crops) can significantly reduces the need for water in several ways {{em}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Sustainable agriculture emphasizes polyculture; rather than growing a single crop, many different species grow together and interact with one another. Trees have a role to play in nearly all agroecosystems. Trees (the practice of planting trees between crops) can significantly reduces the need for water in several ways {{em}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">significantly increases infiltration </del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Tree roots secrete humic acid, which creates humus in the soil. This humus has a spongy texture and helps the soil hold more water. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Trees have much deeper roots than food crops, so they can draw up deep groundwater and bring it into the field. This moisture then enters the water cycle on the farm.  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Trees have much deeper roots than food crops, so they can draw up deep groundwater and bring it into the field. This moisture then enters the water cycle on the farm.  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* The shade provided by the trees reduces evaporation by two-thirds <sup>[http://elmu.umm.ac.id/file.php/1/jurnal/A/Agriculture,%20Ecosystems%20and%20Environment/Vol82.Issue1-3.Dec2000/1638.pdf]</sup></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* The shade provided by the trees reduces evaporation by two-thirds <sup>[http://elmu.umm.ac.id/file.php/1/jurnal/A/Agriculture,%20Ecosystems%20and%20Environment/Vol82.Issue1-3.Dec2000/1638.pdf]</sup></div></td></tr>
</table>Balatrohttp://adciv.org/wiki/index.php?title=Fundamental_resources/Water/Water-efficient_agriculture&diff=9261&oldid=prevBalatro at 12:59, 27 August 20112011-08-27T12:59:48Z<p></p>
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<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 12:59, 27 August 2011</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="L1" >Line 1:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><blockquote>''"We need a 'Blue Revolution' in agriculture that focuses on increasing productivity per unit of water — more 'crop per drop'.''</blockquote><div style="text-align: right; direction: ltr; margin-left: 1em;">{{em}} Kofi Annan</div></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><blockquote>''"We need a 'Blue Revolution' in agriculture that focuses on increasing productivity per unit of water — more 'crop per drop'.''</blockquote><div style="text-align: right; direction: ltr; margin-left: 1em;">{{em}} Kofi Annan</div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>70% of world water use goes to irrigation for agriculture. The single most important thing we can do if we want to reduce water demand is to increase the water-efficiency of agriculture.  Along with [[Survival of our species#Reducing our impact on the environment|protecting the environment]] and securing [[Food|food supplies]], this is a third reason to move to sustainable agriculture, which consistently effects large reductions in water used <sup>[http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es051670d]</sup>. The various types of food-production suggested in the [[Food]] article are all very economical with water. There are several very simple ways to reduce agricultural water use {{em}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>70% of world water use goes to irrigation for agriculture. The single most important thing we can do if we want to reduce water demand is to increase the water-efficiency of agriculture.  Along with [[Survival of our species#Reducing our impact on the environment|protecting the environment]] and securing [[Food|food supplies]], this is a third reason to move to sustainable agriculture, which consistently effects large reductions in water used <sup>[http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es051670d]</sup>. The various types of food-production suggested in the [[Food]] article are all very economical with water. There are several very simple ways to reduce agricultural water use<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">* </del>[[Food<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">#Agroecology</del>|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Permaculture</del>]] <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">designs generally avoid leaving earth bare</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The ground is covered either with plants such </del>as <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">clover </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">grass</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">or with mulch such </del>as <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">straw or woodchips</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">When ground is covered</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">water does not easily evaporate from it</del>, and the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">layer </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">groundcover acts as </del>a <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">sponge</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">holding extra </del>water <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">after rainfall</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">This method alone reduces water requirements 25-50%</del>.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">* </del>Soil infiltration is the amount of water soil can hold. The higher the soil infiltration, the less water need be applied. Sustainable farming practices emphasize building the structure of the soil, not disturbing it with tilling or digging. {{wp|No-till_farming|No-till farming}}, which is gaining popularity around the world, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">dramatically </del>increases infiltration while reducing labor and increasing yields.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">A combination of these techniques </ins>{{em}} <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">applied intelligently and with a sensitivity to local needs and resources {{em}} can enable even rather dry climates to secure their own </ins>[[Food|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">food supply</ins>]] <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">without the need to pump in water from elsewhere</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Rainfed agriculture currently provides about 60% of the world's food <sup>[http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/CABI_Publications/CA_CABI_Series/Rainfed_Agriculture/Protected/Rainfed_Agriculture_Unlocking_the_Potential.pdf]</sup>. This could be expanded to nearly 100% using the methods mentioned here, while we can also make irrigation at least twice </ins>as <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">efficient. This would massively unburden the world's water needs </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">can be done very cheaply</ins>, as <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">most of the methods are very simple, low-tech interventions</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The recent tragic famines in Niger</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Sudan</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Chad </ins>and the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Horn </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Africa have been blamed on droughts, but they have more complex causes than </ins>a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">simple lack of rain. While drought was the immediate cause of the crop failure</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the drought would not have done the same damage to an agricultural system that used </ins>water <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">more effectively</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">By building soil infiltration and using groundcover and trees, we can build agricultural systems that are resistant to drought and put an end to catastrophic crop failures</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">===Building soil===</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Soil infiltration is the amount of water soil can hold. The higher the soil infiltration, the less water need be applied. Sustainable farming practices emphasize building the structure of the soil, not disturbing it with tilling or digging. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Several practises typical of sustainable agriculture have the effect of dramatically increasing soil infiltration, thus dramatically decreasing the need for water to be applied {{em}}</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">*</ins>{{wp|No-till_farming|No-till farming}}, which is gaining popularity around the world, increases infiltration while reducing labor and increasing yields<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">* [[Food#Agroecology|Permaculture]] designs generally avoid leaving earth bare. The ground is covered either with cover crops (such as clover and grass), or with mulch such as straw or woodchips. When ground is covered, water does not easily evaporate from it, and the layer of groundcover acts as a sponge, holding extra water after rainfall. This method alone reduces water requirements 25-50%</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Compost, the basic fertilizer of sustainable farming, can increase soil infiltration 125%<sup>[http://www.caes.uga.edu/publications/pubDetail.cfm?pk_id=6296]</sup></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Compost, the basic fertilizer of sustainable farming, can increase soil infiltration 125%<sup>[http://www.caes.uga.edu/publications/pubDetail.cfm?pk_id=6296]</sup></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Mob-grazing (a method of raising livestock that emulates natural grazing patterns), has been shown to increase infiltration as much as 775%<sup>[http://www.savoryinstitute.com/storage/articles/Good%20Governance%202007%20_1_.pdf]</sup></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Food#Sustainable ranching|</ins>Mob-grazing<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>(a method of raising livestock that emulates natural grazing patterns), has been shown to increase infiltration as much as 775%<sup>[http://www.savoryinstitute.com/storage/articles/Good%20Governance%202007%20_1_.pdf]</sup></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Agroforestry </del>(the practice of planting trees between crops)<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, which is a key aspect of [[Food#Agroecology|agroecology]], </del>significantly <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">increases infiltration and </del>reduces water <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">use. In addition, trees </del>have much deeper roots than food crops, so they can draw up deep groundwater and bring it into the field. The shade provided by the trees <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">also </del>reduces evaporation by two-thirds <sup>[http://elmu.umm.ac.id/file.php/1/jurnal/A/Agriculture,%20Ecosystems%20and%20Environment/Vol82.Issue1-3.Dec2000/1638.pdf]</sup></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Burying charcoal in the soil improves its structure and can increase infiltration. This method is gaining attention recently.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Very simple earthworks can turn arid areas into productive farmland</del>. This <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">is exemplified in Syria and Jordan, where there are productive rainfed farms in areas with as little as 120mm </del>of rainfall <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">per year</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">These include stone walls built on contour to stop water draining downhill, hollows dug into </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ground to accumulate rainwater, swales, which are a combination of these two methods, </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mini-dams </del>to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">redirect ware towards productive areas</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">A combination of agroforestry and earthworks can make any area productive, </del>as <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">has recently been demonstrated in Burkina Faso, Niger and Kenya</del>.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">===Using trees===</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Sustainable agriculture emphasizes polyculture; rather than growing a single crop, many different species grow together and interact with one another. Trees have a role to play in nearly all agroecosystems. Trees </ins>(the practice of planting trees between crops) <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">can </ins>significantly reduces <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the need for </ins>water <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">in several ways {{em}}</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">*significantly increases infiltration </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">*Trees </ins>have much deeper roots than food crops, so they can draw up deep groundwater and bring it into the field. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">This moisture then enters the water cycle on the farm. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">* </ins>The shade provided by the trees reduces evaporation by two-thirds <sup>[http://elmu.umm.ac.id/file.php/1/jurnal/A/Agriculture,%20Ecosystems%20and%20Environment/Vol82.Issue1-3.Dec2000/1638.pdf]</sup></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Trees may increase {{wp|Orography#Precipitation|orographic rainfall}} by deflecting cool winds upwards</ins>. This <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">would mean that planting forests can actually increase the amount </ins>of rainfall <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">an area receives</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">*Trees condense moisture humidity from </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">air </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">drip it down </ins>to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the soil below</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">This is known </ins>as <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">occult precipitation</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Trees are natural [[Water#Atmospheric water generators|atmospheric water generators]].</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">===Earthworks===</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Swales.jpeg|right|thumb|300px|Swales are a simple and effective rainwater harvesting method that can be used anywhere. They are long depressions in the earth, dug along contour lines, with an earthen wall on the downhill side. Without swales, rainfall runs off the hillside. When a series of swales are dug, the rainfall cannot run off. It pools in the swales and gradually soaks into the soil. A single rainfall will then keep the soil wet for months or even years.]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Swales.jpeg|right|thumb|300px|Swales are a simple and effective rainwater harvesting method that can be used anywhere. They are long depressions in the earth, dug along contour lines, with an earthen wall on the downhill side. Without swales, rainfall runs off the hillside. When a series of swales are dug, the rainfall cannot run off. It pools in the swales and gradually soaks into the soil. A single rainfall will then keep the soil wet for months or even years.]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">* </del>Currently, the most commonly used method of irrigation is the most inefficient: flood irrigation. 95% of all irrigation worldwide is done by this method<sup>[http://irrigationtoolbox.com/ReferenceDocuments/Extension/Idaho/EXT0779.pdf]</sup>. Drip and sprinkler irrigation can be used instead of flood irrigation. Drip irrigation is about 95% efficient <sup>[http://www.dripirrigation.ca/HowTo_ForMe.asp][http://www.northerngardensupply.ca/]</sup>, compared to about 50% for flood irrigation<sup>[http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/irmethods.html]</sup>. If all the world's flood irrigation systems were replaced with drip irrigation, world water usage would be reduced by 29%. The main barrier to implementing drip irrigation is a lack of proper equipment: but the trend towards [[Decentralization|distributed]] [[Virtual designs into physical objects|digital manufacturing]] will allow anyone to easily fabricate sprinklers, pumps, controllers and supply systems appropriate to their local needs. For example, solar-powered drip irrigation systems have been shown to double income and food supply in arid areas<sup>[http://www.pnas.org/content/107/5/1848]</sup>. If these can be cheaply fabricated on-site, in conjunction with inexpensive earthworks and trees, there is no reason for drought to cause crop failures.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Very simple earthworks can turn arid areas into productive farmland. This is exemplified in Syria and Jordan, where there are productive rainfed farms in areas with as little as 120mm of rainfall per year. These include stone walls built on contour to stop water draining downhill, hollows dug into the ground to accumulate rainwater, swales, which are a combination of these two methods, and mini-dams to redirect ware towards productive areas. A combination of agroforestry and earthworks can make any area productive, as has recently been demonstrated in Burkina Faso, Niger and Kenya.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">===Better irrigation===</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Currently, the most commonly used method of irrigation is the most inefficient: flood irrigation. 95% of all irrigation worldwide is done by this method<sup>[http://irrigationtoolbox.com/ReferenceDocuments/Extension/Idaho/EXT0779.pdf]</sup>. Drip and sprinkler irrigation can be used instead of flood irrigation. Drip irrigation is about 95% efficient <sup>[http://www.dripirrigation.ca/HowTo_ForMe.asp][http://www.northerngardensupply.ca/]</sup>, compared to about 50% for flood irrigation<sup>[http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/irmethods.html]</sup>. If all the world's flood irrigation systems were replaced with drip irrigation, world water usage would be reduced by 29%. The main barrier to implementing drip irrigation is a lack of proper equipment: but the trend towards [[Decentralization|distributed]] [[Virtual designs into physical objects|digital manufacturing]] will allow anyone to easily fabricate sprinklers, pumps, controllers and supply systems appropriate to their local needs. For example, solar-powered drip irrigation systems have been shown to double income and food supply in arid areas<sup>[http://www.pnas.org/content/107/5/1848]</sup>. If these can be cheaply fabricated on-site, in conjunction with inexpensive earthworks and trees, there is no reason for drought to cause crop failures.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">===Alternative food production methods===</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [[Food#Controlled Environment Agriculture and Automation|Aeroponics]] uses a tiny fraction of the water of drip irrigation. It is by far the most water-efficient means of growing food yet devised.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [[Food#Controlled Environment Agriculture and Automation|Aeroponics]] uses a tiny fraction of the water of drip irrigation. It is by far the most water-efficient means of growing food yet devised.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [[Food#Seawater-irrigated farming|Seawater agriculture]] can grow food in coastal regions, requiring no fresh water at all.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [[Food#Seawater-irrigated farming|Seawater agriculture]] can grow food in coastal regions, requiring no fresh water at all.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [[Food#Aquaponics|Aquaponics]] recycles the same water over and over, so that a given amount of plants can be grown in only 10% of the water a garden would need.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [[Food#Aquaponics|Aquaponics]] recycles the same water over and over, so that a given amount of plants can be grown in only 10% of the water a garden would need.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Water-efficient varieties of crops can be grown in water-scarce areas. It is now possible to rapidly determine the water-efficiency of plants by measuring their carbon isotope discrimination. This means multiple varieties of a given plant can be grown in controlled conditions and compared for water-efficiency. The most efficient can then be cross-bred and [[Food#Seeding the world with optimized species|spread around the world]].</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/06/090605091856.htm Large-scale atmospheric water condensers] can readily be used to generate significant amounts of water from the air on farms. </del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">A combination of these techniques {{em}} applied intelligently and with a sensitivity to local needs and resources {{em}} can enable even rather dry climates to secure their own [[Food|food supply]] without the need to pump in water from elsewhere. Rainfed agriculture currently provides about 60% of the world's food <sup>[http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/CABI_Publications/CA_CABI_Series/Rainfed_Agriculture/Protected/Rainfed_Agriculture_Unlocking_the_Potential.pdf]</sup>. This could be expanded to nearly 100% using the methods mentioned here, while we can also make irrigation at least twice as efficient. This would massively unburden the world's water needs and can be done very cheaply, as most of the methods are very simple, low-tech interventions.</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The recent tragic famines in Niger, Sudan and Chad have been blamed on droughts, but they have more complex causes than a simple lack of rain. While drought was the immediate cause of the crop failure, the drought would not have done the same damage to an agricultural system that used water more effectively. By building soil infiltration and using groundcover and trees, we can build agricultural systems that are resistant to drought and put an end to catastrophic crop failures.</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
</table>Balatrohttp://adciv.org/wiki/index.php?title=Fundamental_resources/Water/Water-efficient_agriculture&diff=9224&oldid=prevBalatro at 19:09, 6 August 20112011-08-06T19:09:20Z<p></p>
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<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 19:09, 6 August 2011</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="L9" >Line 9:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Very simple earthworks can turn arid areas into productive farmland. This is exemplified in Syria and Jordan, where there are productive rainfed farms in areas with as little as 120mm of rainfall per year. These include stone walls built on contour to stop water draining downhill, hollows dug into the ground to accumulate rainwater, swales, which are a combination of these two methods, and mini-dams to redirect ware towards productive areas. A combination of agroforestry and earthworks can make any area productive, as has recently been demonstrated in Burkina Faso, Niger and Kenya.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Very simple earthworks can turn arid areas into productive farmland. This is exemplified in Syria and Jordan, where there are productive rainfed farms in areas with as little as 120mm of rainfall per year. These include stone walls built on contour to stop water draining downhill, hollows dug into the ground to accumulate rainwater, swales, which are a combination of these two methods, and mini-dams to redirect ware towards productive areas. A combination of agroforestry and earthworks can make any area productive, as has recently been demonstrated in Burkina Faso, Niger and Kenya.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Swales.jpeg|right|thumb|300px|Swales are a simple and effective rainwater harvesting method that can be used anywhere. They are long depressions in the earth, dug along contour lines, with an earthen wall on the downhill side. Without swales, rainfall runs off the hillside. When a series of swales are dug, the rainfall cannot run off. It pools in the swales and gradually soaks into the soil. A single rainfall will then keep the soil wet for months or even years.]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Swales.jpeg|right|thumb|300px|Swales are a simple and effective rainwater harvesting method that can be used anywhere. They are long depressions in the earth, dug along contour lines, with an earthen wall on the downhill side. Without swales, rainfall runs off the hillside. When a series of swales are dug, the rainfall cannot run off. It pools in the swales and gradually soaks into the soil. A single rainfall will then keep the soil wet for months or even years.]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Currently, the most commonly used method of irrigation is the most inefficient: flood irrigation. 95% of all irrigation worldwide is done by this method<sup>[http://irrigationtoolbox.com/ReferenceDocuments/Extension/Idaho/EXT0779.pdf]</sup>. Drip and sprinkler irrigation can be used instead of flood irrigation. Drip irrigation is about 95% efficient <sup>[http://www.dripirrigation.ca/HowTo_ForMe.asp][http://www.northerngardensupply.ca/]</sup>, compared to about 50% for flood irrigation<sup>[http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/irmethods.html]</sup>. If all the world's flood irrigation systems were replaced with drip irrigation, world water usage would be reduced by 29%. The main barrier to implementing drip irrigation is a lack of proper equipment: but the trend towards [[Decentralization|distributed]] [[Virtual designs into physical objects|digital manufacturing]] will allow anyone to easily fabricate sprinklers, pumps, controllers and supply systems appropriate to their local needs.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Currently, the most commonly used method of irrigation is the most inefficient: flood irrigation. 95% of all irrigation worldwide is done by this method<sup>[http://irrigationtoolbox.com/ReferenceDocuments/Extension/Idaho/EXT0779.pdf]</sup>. Drip and sprinkler irrigation can be used instead of flood irrigation. Drip irrigation is about 95% efficient <sup>[http://www.dripirrigation.ca/HowTo_ForMe.asp][http://www.northerngardensupply.ca/]</sup>, compared to about 50% for flood irrigation<sup>[http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/irmethods.html]</sup>. If all the world's flood irrigation systems were replaced with drip irrigation, world water usage would be reduced by 29%. The main barrier to implementing drip irrigation is a lack of proper equipment: but the trend towards [[Decentralization|distributed]] [[Virtual designs into physical objects|digital manufacturing]] will allow anyone to easily fabricate sprinklers, pumps, controllers and supply systems appropriate to their local needs<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. For example, solar-powered drip irrigation systems have been shown to double income and food supply in arid areas<sup>[http://www.pnas.org/content/107/5/1848]</sup>. If these can be cheaply fabricated on-site, in conjunction with inexpensive earthworks and trees, there is no reason for drought to cause crop failures</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [[Food#Controlled Environment Agriculture and Automation|Aeroponics]] uses a tiny fraction of the water of drip irrigation. It is by far the most water-efficient means of growing food yet devised.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [[Food#Controlled Environment Agriculture and Automation|Aeroponics]] uses a tiny fraction of the water of drip irrigation. It is by far the most water-efficient means of growing food yet devised.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [[Food#Seawater-irrigated farming|Seawater agriculture]] can grow food in coastal regions, requiring no fresh water at all.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [[Food#Seawater-irrigated farming|Seawater agriculture]] can grow food in coastal regions, requiring no fresh water at all.</div></td></tr>
</table>Balatro