Difference between revisions of "Fundamental resources"

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This page aims to show that mankind's four fundamental resources are in fact highly abundant:
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== Material ==
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[[Image:Air sea and land.jpg|right|250px|Atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere (a.k.a. air, sea and land)]]
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[[Most abundant elements on Earth#Constituent elements of air|Air]], [[Most abundant elements on Earth#Constituent elements of air|water]] and the [[Most abundant elements on Earth# Twenty most abundant elements in Earth's crust|twenty most abundant elements in the earth's crust]] give us most of the raw material needed to create all the machines and goods that mankind requires, such as:
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*Buildings and construction materials
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*Cars, trains and aircraft
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*Industrial machinery
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*Robots
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*Computers and electronic products
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*Food and drinking water
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These reserves of material are not going to run out - processing and using up the entire [[w:Lithosphere|earth's crust]] would be quite a challenge for even the most wasteful societies. Of course we are not advocating wasteful processes just because material is plentiful; one aspect of technological progress is the increasing efficiency of design and manufacturing - [[doing more with less]].
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= Important secondary (derived) resources =
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It should be noted that there are small amounts of other elements required for manufacturing and agriculture, but generally only correspondingly small amounts of these substances are required. 
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Also recycling should soon become far more widespread than it is now, further reducing the burden of having to process new material for creating goods and infrastructure. Product design and engineering will become increasingly sympathetic to the [[Automated recycling processes|recycling process]] which is becoming increasingly automated.
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{{quick tour|Advanced automation|Post-scarcity}}
 
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== Energy ==
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[[Image:SOHO_solar_flare.jpg|right|250px|The sun (image from SOHO spacecraft)]]
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We have these major sources of energy available to us, in no particular order and not including fossil fuels that we currently rely on for the majority of our energy provision:
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*'''[[Solar power|Solar]]''': photovoltaic, solar thermal, [[w:solar chimney|solar chimney]]. Prospective: [[w:solar power satellite|solar power satellite]]
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*'''[[Wind power|Wind]]''': land-based wind turbine, off-shore wind turbine. Prospective: [[w:Airborne wind turbine|jet-stream sky windmills]]
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*'''[[Ocean-based power generation|Ocean]]''': wave, tidal, ocean currents
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*'''[[Hydro-electric power generation|Hydro-electric]]''': reservoir-fed, small river water mill
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*'''[[Nuclear power|Nuclear]]''': nuclear fission. Prospective: [[w:Fusion power|nuclear fusion]] and accelerator-driven thorium-fuelled [[w:energy amplifier|energy amplifier]]
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*'''[[Geothermal power|Geothermal]]''': shallow geothermal heat pumps, volcanic related geothermal, [[w:Hot-Dry-Rock|deep geothermal]] ('hot-dry-rock')
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*'''[[Biomass power generation|Biomass]]''': vegetable oil, compost methane, sustainable wood, burning of organic waste, animal dung and rubbish
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These sources of power far exceed our current and likely future energy requirements. Also steadily increasing energy efficiency, due to improved machine design and increasing cultural awareness, will become a significant factor in our energy use. Having power generation located much more locally to end use will help reduce current grid transmission inefficiencies.
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== Intelligence ==
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=== Human intelligence ===
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[[Image:Rodin Thinker Kyoto.jpg|right|250px|Rodin Thinker, Kyoto]]
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Some people may suggest this as the one fundamental resource that really is in short supply...
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We just haven't been using it as efficiently as we could be. Currently with activities such as design and engineeringwe have only relatively small groups of people collaborate in any meaningful way. The development of most things whether they be products, services, utilities or modern agricultural processes tend to be done behind closed doors. This means that compared to what is possible, progress is sporadic and slow. With the involvement of all interested parties and using open and transparent development processes, progress could be far quicker and more efficient. This would also significantly reduce the huge duplication of effort that happens today.
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As well as potentially increasing the effectiveness of our current intelligence, total intelligence is growing constantly:
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*Worldwide education is becoming more pervasive and of better quality, meaning that a larger percentage of the population can effectively participate in developing solutions.
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*The world population is still expanding which increases the pool of intelligence
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*The proposed [[Advanced closed-loop automation|advanced automation]] will result in freeing a greater percentage of the population to work on solutions to significant problems if they so wish.
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=== Machine intelligence ===
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[[Image:ICpic.jpg|right|250px|IC on PCB]]
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On the machine side, intelligence is increasing exponentially and should do so for the forseable future [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore%27s_law]. Not only are the number of information processing units multiplying rapidly, but the relative computing power of each one is increasing exponentially too.
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On top of that algorithms and programming techniques are improving all the time to make more effective use of the hardware, as are [[w:distributed computing|distributed computing]] techniques which are able to make use of idle processor time between connected units.
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The ever increasing sophistication and capability of computers mean that progressively higher-level tasks are able to be automated.
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== Information ==
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[[Image:Information pic.jpg|right|250px|Information]]
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There has never been more information available than there is now. It is so abundant that many people find themselves suffering from information overload - it's finding useful and accurate information that is important. As well as the usual information sources - public libraries (now often overlooked), academic institutions, publishers and X billion pages of the web, there is a vast and growing amount of useful information in freely available open-content resources such as [http://en.wikipedia.org Wikipedia], [http://dmoz.org dmoz open directory project] and other community-driven projects.
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== See also ==
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*[[Post-scarcity age]]
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*[[Most abundant elements on Earth]]
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*[[Resources in space]]
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Latest revision as of 17:23, 28 December 2012

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Intro

Earth and sun.jpg
So what have we got to work with? Mankind's fundamental resources are material, energy, intelligence and information. In reality they are all so enormously abundant that it's incredible to think that there are people in this world who are still going without the basic human necessities.

In the past a lack of technology could be considered a significant cause of scarcity but that is certainly not a reason any more. Despite common perceptions, there is no actual lack of material or energy available to us. Emerging methods of co-operation and advanced automation have the potential to unlock these resources to provide a good standard of living in all parts of the world, while causing minimal harm to the natural environment - a combination that although is hard to imagine today and might appear at first glance to be contradictory, is very much possible.

An important trend in technological progress is the tendency of products and processes to steadily become more effective while using less material and energy – i.e. doing more with less – something that Buckminster Fuller 11px-Wikipedia_logo.jpg termed ephemeralization 11px-Wikipedia_logo.jpg.

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Sections

Atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere (a.k.a. air, sea and land)
Air, water and the twenty most abundant elements in the Earth's crust provide almost all the material needed to create the multitude of machines and goods that mankind requires: food, drugs, houses, vehicles, robots, industrial machinery, computers, consumer goods and so on.

Extracting these plentiful elements (and their compounds) to create useful material essentially involves energy (which is also plentiful) and the right processing methods. From a technical point of view there is practically no limit to the volume of material we could extract and make use of, if we so wished, even while minimally disrupting complex and fragile ecosystems. The reserves of raw materials needed to sustain civilisation are simply not going to run out, because the entire Earth's crust 11px-Wikipedia_logo.jpg is made up of them. However this is no excuse to be unnecessarily wasteful in our consumption. Advanced recycling will reduce the need to extract material from the ground and more efficient design will allow us to do more with less 11px-Wikipedia_logo.jpg.

The point is that any existing material scarcity actually has little to do with the reserves at our disposal.

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Information
There has never been more information freely available than there is now. We are now at a phase of civilisation where information costs almost nothing to reproduce or transmit. It is so abundant and readily available that it is finding useful and accurate information that has become the important thing.

One significant aspect is that information can now completely describe the physical structure of man-made items, and can be communicated to automated fabrication machines which can then manufacture the product, reducing the requirement to transport material goods great distances to the end user, as happens generally now. Most of the journey will effectively be spent as information travelling at the speed of light. (See section on turning virtual designs into physical objects).


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The sun (image from SOHO spacecraft)

Humanity consumes 15 terawatts of energy[1] and this is projected to rise to about 30 terawatts. This is a tiny amount of energy compared to what is available around us: 72 terawatts of available wind energy at ground level[2], 150 terawatts in the jet streams[3], 44.2 terawatts of geothermal energy [4], 2 terawatts of easily-exploitable wave power[5] and 174,000 terawatts of solar energy[6]. We clearly have tens of thousands of times the energy we need, the key is our ability to harness this energy. This article explores existing and emerging technologies for doing this.

Steadily increasing energy efficiency 11px-Wikipedia_logo.jpg due to improved system design and increasing cultural awareness should become a significant factor in our energy usage.

The issue currently is monetary economics. The bottom line is that with the current economic framework it is still 'cheaper' to pump oil out of the ground and burn it to produce power than use other more plentiful, renewable and environmentally benign sources. These alternative energy sources are sitting right in front of us waiting to be harnessed. It may be that open-source methods can bypass the incumbent economic system to enable plentiful, environmentally-friendly power.
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Rodin Thinker, Kyoto
Some people may suggest this as the one fundamental resource that really is in short supply... We just haven't been using it as efficiently as we could be. Currently with activities such as design and engineering only relatively small groups of people collaborate in any meaningful way. Research and development — whether of scientific projects, products, services, or modern business processes — is usually done behind closed doors and the results carefully hidden. This leads to reduplication of effort and of skilled cognitive work. As a result, progress is much slower than it could be. Problems such as a cure for cancer concern us all and it is a terrible waste to have multiple groups of scientists working on the problem in isolation from each other, hiding their results so that their company will profit when the solution is found.
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IC on PCB
On the machine side, intelligence is increasing exponentially and should continue to do so for many years to come (see Moore's law 11px-Wikipedia_logo.jpg). Not only are the total number of information processing units multiplying rapidly, but the relative computing power of each one is increasing exponentially too.

On top of that algorithms and programming techniques are improving all the time to make more effective use of the hardware, as are distributed computing 11px-Wikipedia_logo.jpg techniques which are able to make use of idle processor time between connected units.

The ever increasing sophistication and capability of computers mean that progressively more complex tasks can become automated. 35px-More_large.png
20px-Printer.jpg[print version] 20px-Update.png[update] 20px-Logo.png [site map]

Important secondary (derived) resources

Food.gif
Many people believe that we are soon to face a global food shortage. Population is rising rapidly, with a billion people added in less than ten years. 40% of farming land has been depleted 11px-Wikipedia_logo.jpg and rainforests have been cut down to make more room for farming. Farmers are moving into cities at the rate of over a million a week [7], and our appetite for meat is growing[8]. These trends means that food demand is rising, but there are fewer farmers to supply it, while the basis of our agricultural production is under strain. It would indeed seem that we are heading for a food crisis.

But this story misses a key point: there are far better ways to produce food than the ones now in wide use. While it is true that conventional plough agriculture and monoculture is driving the world towards a food crisis, there are ways to grow food using very little land, very little labour and no pollution. The aim of this page is to explore these methods and show how they can comfortably sustain a growing population. Any food shortage is really a shortage of applying this know-how to food production.

It is possible, with current know-how, to create a food-production system that can provide tens of billions of people with abundant, local, nutritious, tasty food, textiles and wood, while economizing water, restoring soil, building communities, saving energy, creating pleasing landscapes, preserving wilderness, stopping diseases, needing virtually no inputs and benefiting not just people, but the rest of the biosphere as well. 35px-More_large.png
Havasu Falls 1a md.jpg
With world population growing, demand for food (and hence water for farming 11px-Wikipedia_logo.jpg) expected to grow by 70% [9], rivers becoming polluted and one in eight people already without clean drinking water [10], some have warned that we are heading for a 'peak water' crisis with people lacking the necessary water to survive, and wars breaking out over the access to water supplies [11]. Already, about half of all infectious disease is caused by contaminated drinking water. A grim picture, indeed. But fortunately, an entirely avoidable one. Water is one of the most abundant resources available to us on this blue planet. The only problem we may face is synthetic scarcity; this article aims to show that there is no real shortage of water, nor of techniques to purify and manage it. If we simply apply the water-management techniques — many of which are extremely simple, low-tech, low-cost things — we have all the water we could ever need. 35px-More_large.png
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See also

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