Most abundant elements on Earth

Twenty most abundant elements in Earth's crust Approx figures for the 20 most abundant elements in Earth's crust: Element  % mass Oxygen 46.71 Silicon 27.69 Aluminum 8.07 Iron 5.05 Calcium 3.65 Sodium 2.75 Potassium 2.58 Magnesium 2.08 Titanium 0.62 Hydrogen 0.14 Phosphorus 0.13 Carbon 0.09 Manganese 0.09 Sulfur 0.05 Barium 0.05 Chlorine 0.05 Chromium 0.04 Fluorine 0.03 Zirconium 0.03 Nickel 0.02 Notable missing from top 20: Copper. Carbon might replace copper for many electrical (and thermal) conduction applications - see [1], [2] and carbon nanotube  for further information. In September 2013, a proof-of-concept computer was built from carbon nanotubes [3] Figures from [4] Figures rounded to two decimal places Also need to have a list based on ease of extraction and energy required Element links in list point to element's Wikipedia article   Constituent elements of seawater Approximate composition of seawater by mass: Element  % mass Oxygen 85.7 Hydrogen 10.8 Chlorine 1.9 Sodium 1.05 Magnesium 0.14 Sulfur 0.09 Calcium 0.04 Potassium 0.04 Others Trace Figures from [5] Need to find definitive primary source Element links in list point to Wikipedia article   Constituent elements of air Approximate composition of dry atmosphere by volume: Element  % vol Nitrogen 78.08 Oxygen 20.95 Argon 0.93 Carbon < 0.01 Others trace Not included in above dry atmosphere: Water vapour  (variable) ~1% Source: NASA Carbon dioxide updated (to 1998) by IPCC TAR table 6.1 [6]. Figure for carbon extrapolated from this Edited text from [7] Element links in list point to Wikipedia article

[refresh]

See also

• Post-scarcity age
• Most abundant elements on Earth
• Resources in space

See also

• Fundamental resources of humanity