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| − | __toc__
| + | #redirect [[material]] |
| − | == Most abundant elements in Earth's crust ==
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| − | [[Image:Pariah canyon.jpg|right|250px|Canyon]] | + | |
| − | Approximate figures for the twenty most abundant elements in the earth's crust:
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| − | | + | |
| − | {|
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| − | |width="150px" | '''Element'''|| width="80px" align = "right" | '''%'''
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| − | |-
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| − | | Oxygen|| align = "right" | 46.71
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| − | |-
| + | |
| − | | Silicon|| align = "right" | 27.69
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| − | |-
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| − | | Aluminum|| align = "right" | 8.07
| + | |
| − | |-
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| − | | Iron|| align = "right" | 5.05
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | | Calcium|| align = "right" | 3.65
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | | Sodium|| align = "right" | 2.75
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | | Potassium|| align = "right" | 2.58
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | | Magnesium|| align = "right" | 2.08
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | | Titanium|| align = "right" | 0.62
| + | |
| − | |-
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| − | | Hydrogen|| align = "right" | 0.14
| + | |
| − | |-
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| − | | Phosphorus|| align = "right" | 0.13
| + | |
| − | |-
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| − | | Carbon|| align = "right" | 0.09
| + | |
| − | |-
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| − | | Manganese|| align = "right" | 0.09
| + | |
| − | |-
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| − | | Sulfur|| align = "right" | 0.05
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | | Barium|| align = "right" | 0.05
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | | Chlorine|| align = "right" | 0.05
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | | Chromium|| align = "right" | 0.04
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | | Fluorine|| align = "right" | 0.03
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | | Zirconium|| align = "right" | 0.03
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | | Nickel|| align = "right" | 0.02
| + | |
| − | |}
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| − | | + | |
| − | <font size=1>''Figures from http://www.science.co.il/PTelements.asp?s=Earth (figures by mass or volume?)''<br>
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| − | ''Figures rounded to two decimal places''<br>
| + | |
| − | ''Also need to have a list based on ease of extraction and energy required''</font>
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| − | | + | |
| − | == Constituent elements of seawater ==
| + | |
| − | [[Image:Deep Blue Sea.jpg|right|250px|Seawater]]
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| − | Approximate composition of seawater by mass:
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | {|
| + | |
| − | |width="150px" | '''Element'''|| width="80px" align="right" | '''% mass'''
| + | |
| − | |-
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| − | |Oxygen ||align = "right" | 85.7
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| − | |-
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| − | |Hydrogen ||align = "right" | 10.8
| + | |
| − | |-
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| − | |Chlorine ||align = "right" | 1.9
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |Sodium ||align = "right" | 1.05
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |Magnesium ||align = "right" | 0.14
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |Sulfur ||align = "right" | 0.09
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |Calcium ||align = "right" | 0.04
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |Potassium ||align = "right" | 0.04
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |Others ||align = "right" | Trace
| + | |
| − | |}
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| − | | + | |
| − | <font size=1>''figures from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawater''<br>
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| − | ''Need to find a definitive source for these figures''</font>
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| − | | + | |
| − | == Constituent elements of air ==
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| − | [[Image:Cloudy blue sky.jpg|right|250px|Sky]]
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| − | Approximate composition of dry atmosphere by volume:
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | {|
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| − | |width="150px" align = "left" | '''Element''' || width="80px" align = "right" |'''% vol'''
| + | |
| − | |-
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| − | |Nitrogen ||align = "right" | 78.08
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| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |Oxygen ||align = "right" | 20.95
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| − | |-
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| − | |Argon ||align = "right" | 0.93
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| − | |-
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| − | |Carbon ||align = "right" | < 0.01 <!--my working (which may be highly inaccurate!): carbon is a component of carbon dioxide - which is less than 0.036% of the atmosphere. Combined atomic mass of carbon dioxide molecule (CO2) is 44 (12 + (2*16)). So CO2 is 27.3% carbon by mass -- and 27.3% of 0.036 is approx 0.01. I know we are mixing volumes and masses here, but it is only to get an estimate-->
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |Others ||align = "right" | trace
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |colspan=2 |<br>'''Not included in above dry atmosphere:'''
| + | |
| − | |-
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| − | |Water vapour <font size=1>''(variable)''</font> || align = "right" |typically 1% <!--need to do similar working on this (as with carbon above) to show as hydrogen-->
| + | |
| − | |}
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| − | | + | |
| − | <font size=1>''Source: [http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html NASA]''<br>
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| − | ''Carbon dioxide updated (to 1998) by IPCC TAR table 6.1 [http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/221.htm]''<br>
| + | |
| − | ''Edited text from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere''</font><br>
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