View source for Talk:Fundamental resources/Water

*[http://www.nwc.gov.au/resources/documents/Waterlines_-_Trends_in_Desalination_-_REPLACE_%282%29.pdf Detailed UNESCO report on desalination technologies present and future]. Good summary of the technologies on page 35 of the pdf. Page 10 says, "The research is focused on reducing the energy requirements for seawater desalination from the current benchmark of 3.5 kWh/m3 to the theoretical minimum of 0.8 kWh/m3". Existing plants have power consumption as low as 1.25kWh/m3 (p. 17)
**They raise an interesting point on page 43 that synthetic biology may create cheap membranes; plant tissues have channels that can separate ions from water.

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A blog post [http://lightbucket.wordpress.com/2008/04/04/large-scale-desalination-is-there-enough-energy-to-do-it/ here] that does quantitative analysis of world energy requirements for desalination with the formula -
<blockquote>Population * water consumption per capita * energy needed for desalination * fraction of water that comes from desalination</blockquote>

It's difficult to see any scenario where it will require more than half a terawatt. For example -<blockquote> 20 billion * 0.2m<sup>3</sup> /person/day * 2.2kWh/m<sup>3</sup> * 0.5 = 8.8 billion kWh per day = 0.37 terawatts.</blockquote>

More realistic is-<blockquote> 10 billion * 0.15m<sup>3</sup> /person/day * 2kWh/m<sup>3</sup> * 0.1 = 300 million kWh per day = 0.0125 terawatts.</blockquote>

The second term can be minimized with greywater and good system design (especially in field of the agronomics), the fourth term with rainwater harvesting. The third can and will be minimized with improving desalination technology. The blog post says 5kWh/m<sup>3</sup> (4kcal/l) is needed for reverse osmosis. A blog comment quotes a reports saying that 2.2kWh/m<sup>3</sup> (1.76kcal/l) has been achieved.

As with photovoltaics, there are several potential breakthrough technologies on the horizon promising to make desalination much more energy-efficient. If just one of them pays off, it is very easy to see how unlimited fresh water can be supplied. If we consider a scenario for, say, 2020, we must assume that water can be desalinated with less than 1.75kWh/m<sup>3</sup> if we are to be realistic. Microbial desalination or forward osmosis would solve the problem at a stroke. The science behind microbial desalination cells seems solid and there is a very strong possibility that desalination will become an energy source rather than an energy drain.

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The places that need desalination all have good solar resources. If the technology needs 2kWh/m<sup>3</sup>, a plant desalinating 1 million cubic meters a day (a bit bigger than the world's current largest according to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desalination Wikipedia]) would need 2 million kWh a day. Photovoltaic cells that are 20% efficient would need to receive 10 million kWh a day. In very sunny places, insolation is over 4kWh per square meter per day. Thus, 2500m<sup>2</sup> would be required {{em}} fifty meters by fifty meters or about half a football pitch. There is no doubt that the roof of the plant would catch enough energy to desalinate the water.