MediaWiki API result

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            "1294": {
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                "title": "Recycling",
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                        "*": "{{pagebg}}\n{{backto|Material}}\n[[Image:Recycling.png|right|100px]]\nIf we can develop waste systems that recycle nearly all unneeded objects and materials, it would means that only a small percentage of the total required raw materials for manufacturing goods and constructing buildings need to be extracted from the ground. \n\nWe can move from a linear resource chain to a circular one, in which the outputs of consumption become the inputs of production.\nThere is no reason why this is not technically possible. Proof that a circular resource chain is possible comes from nature, which recycles all [[Fundamental resources/Material|material]] in a closed loop. \n\nCurrently modern society is vastly inefficient, dumping perfectly good material back into the ground {{em}} creating ugly and environmentally hazardous wasteland dumps {{em}} while simultaneously creating further wasteland through quarrying, mining and deforestation. This can be reduced massively by engineering sophisticated recycling systems.\n\n== Automated recycling ==\n[[Image:Landfill.jpg|right|Landfill]]\nCombining automated recycling with thoughtful engineering and [http://www.co-design.co.uk/design.htm design for disassembly] should allow the recovery the majority of the material from goods and products when they come to the end of their useful life so it can be re-used to make the next generation of goods. This not only spares the land but reduces the energy required for material processing as it is already concentrated in useful form.\n\nAutomated recycling does not really exist yet in any significant form compared to what should be possible. Increasing amounts of product disassembly is occurring now, but it is mainly a manual task and is better left to machines if we can engineer them.\n\n*Production of all parts with indelible barcodes or embedded RFID tags.\n*Recycling plants that can disassemble any product whether its components are tagged or not. Tags identifying components are likely to speed up the process if present.\n\n==Biorecycling==\nWe can study the processes that recycle materials in the biosphere and use these processes for our own purposes. Bacteria can be found (or engineered) that will decompose nearly any kind of waste. By using a controlled environment and catalysts, we can greatly accelerate this process. For example, plastic bags have been biodegraded in three months\n<sup>[http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2008/05/teen-decomposes/]</sup>, and bacteria can be used to extract metals from old electronics<sup>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZSJdD5VXhZw]</sup>.\n\n==Re-using==\nAlso relevant in the big picture is making maximum use of an artifact by letting someone else have it after it has finished being useful to the current owner, rather than binning it. People often hoard, or dispose of, many items that would be perfectly useful to other people. More sophisticated initiatives along the lines of eBay, charity shops and [http://www.freecycle.org Freecycle] could additionally improve mankind's resource efficiency further. This is become possible only recently thanks to modern digital communications.\n\n== Relevance in Space ==\nRecycling all our resources will also be important if we wish to build efficient [[space habitats]]. These colonies may have limited local access to certain raw materials, and will likely need to recycle almost everything in a closed loop. Recycling technologies proven on Earth may therefore help us build sustainable space colonies. Also the reverse may hold where recycling technologies developed specifically for space may prove very useful on Earth too.\n\n==External links==\n*{{wp|Recycling|Recycling}}\n*{{wp|Remanufacturing|Remanufacturing}}\n{{pagebgend}}\n\n{{detailed tour|Material|Post-scarcity}}"
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                "title": "RepRap",
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                        "*": "<noinclude>{{backto|Rapid prototyping machines}}</noinclude>\n[[Image:Reprap.jpg|thumb|250px|RepRap version 1.0 'Darwin']]\n[[Image:RepRap 'Mendel'.jpg|thumb|250px|RepRap version 2.0 'Mendel'<br>[http://vimeo.com/6865848 Video introduction to 'Mendel']]]\n[[Image:Repstrap.jpg|thumb|250px|Parts printed from a RepRap]]\n\nRepRap is rather special rapid prototyping machine. The name is short for self-'''rep'''licating '''rap'''id prototyper and the project was started at the University of Bath by Dr. Adrian Bowyer, a Senior Lecturer in mechanical engineering.\n\nThe idea is to create a rapid prototyping machine that, as well as being able to construct useful three dimensional objects to order, is also able to create most of the parts necessary to build another rapid prototyping machine. So for a very low cost, someone with a RepRap should be able to clone a new machine to give to someone else.\n\nIt uses the {{wp|Fused_deposition_modeling|Fused Deposition Modelling}} (FDM) system of additive construction where a thermoplastic material is extruded very thinly from a computer controlled nozzle to slowly build up a three dimensional shape layer by layer.\n\nHowever there are various of its own component parts that it cannot currently reproduce such as the stepper motor, microcontroller, extrusion nozzle and lubricant. However over time as the design evolves and becomes more sophisticated  it is envisioned that there will be fewer and fewer parts that cannot be made by the machine itself.\n\n===Materials===\nThe RepRap team intend to include nozzles for applying different materials during the build process:\n\n# A thermoplastic - generally used to create structure of the object being made.\n# {{wp|Wood%27s_metal|Wood's}} or {{wp|Field%27s_metal|Field's metal}} which are low melting point metal alloys used to create electrical circuits within three dimensions in the artefact being built\n# Ceramic slurry for hard and strong cement-like structures\n# Silicone polymer used for gaskets, seals and flexible parts\n# Plaster/cellulose mixes, PVA or icing sugar for temporary support material to allow overhangs to exist as the object is being built up. After the object is created these supports can be dissolved away using warm water\n\n===Open design===\nThis is an [[open collaborative design]] project in that everything relating to it {{en}} the schematics, 3D CAD models of the components and the software to run it {{en}} are being released under the {{wp|GNU_General_Public_License|GPL license}} which enables anyone to use, customize and evolve it. The terms of the GPL also mean that any improvements will likewise be available under the same license for others to benefit from.\n\n===External links===\n\n* [http://vimeo.com/6865848 Video introduction to RepRap v.2 ('Mendel')]\n* [http://www.reprap.org RepRap project website]\n* {{wp|RepRap_Project|RepRap article on Wikipedia}}\n* [http://www.rrrf.org RepRep Research Foundation]\n* [http://www.poptech.com/popcasts/adrian_bowyer__poptech_2007 Dr. Adrian Bowyer explaining the concept of RepRap] (PopTech video)\n* [http://www.newelectronics.co.uk/articles/8217/Revolutionary.pdf 'Replication revolutionary'], article from ''New Electronics'', 29 December 2006 (pdf)\n\n<noinclude>===See also===\n\n* [http://www.makerbot.com/ MakerBot Thing-o-matic] - includes rolling build area that can eject built object and automatically start work on the next one with no intervention. (RepRap derivative)\n* [[Fab@Home]] - another open-source rapid-prototyping machine\n</noinclude>"
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